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TO MY WIFE 

whose valuable assistance has made this 
work a reaHty 



PREFATORY NOTE. 

Section 1607 of Article XVI of the Pennsylvania 
School Code, 1911, states that in every elementary pub- 
lic school, established and maintained in this Common- 
wealth under the provisions of this act, there shall be 
taught spelling, reading, etc., and Pennsylvania History. 

Since the passage of this code, teachers have been in 
need of a book containing, in concise form, the essen- 
tials of Pennsylvania History. This book is intended 
to satisfy the classroom needs of pupils and teachers and 
also to meet the requirements of teachers' examinations. 

At the time of the enactment of the new law, the 
best book ready for use was Two Centuries of Penn- 
sylvania History, by Isaac Sharpless (Lippincott). 
That comprehensive treatise is the basis of this con- 
densed outline, but other texts were consulted in com- 
piling this material. To those desiring to make a thor- 
ough study of this subject, the admirable text by 
Sharpless is recommended for use in conjunction with 
this outline. 

Lambert Greenawalt. 
June 1, 1914. 



Essentials of History 



Pennsylvania 



INTRODUCTION 



THE PENNSYLVANIA INDIANS 

At first, possibly 6,000 in Pennsylvania. Indians east 
of Mississippi divided into two sections, viz., Algonquins 
and Iroquois. 

I. THE ALGONQUINS. 

Enemies of Iroquois. Lived along seacoast from 
Labrador to Georgia and between Great Lakes and 
Ohio. 

1. Pequods and Narragansetts. 

In Massachusetts and Rhode Island. 

2. Mohegans. 

In Hudson Valley. 

3. Nantichokes. 
Chesapeake Bay. 

4. Powhatans and Shawnees. 

In South. 

5. Lenni-Lenape. 

In New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Were originals of 
Algonquins. Called women or vassals. Could not sell 
land. 

6. Lenape of Delaware Valley. 

1. Minsi or Minisinks in mountains above junction 
with Lehigh. 



10 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

2. Unami from Lehigh south, including site of Phila- 
delphia. Their Sachem, the Turtle Chief, was head of 
Lenapes. 

3. Unalachtigo located at site of Wilmington, Dela- 
ware, and vicinity. With these Indians and the Unamis, 
Penn made famous treaties. 

7. Shawnees. 

Came to Pennsylvania in 1700. Were rovers. Not 
always filial to ancestry. Originally a southern tribe. 
United with Delawares against whites. 

II. THE IROQUOIS. 

Ontario, Western New York and Western Pennsyl- 
vania. Down Susquehanna to Maryland. Called 
Mengwe by Lenapes. Called Mingoes by whites. 

8. Five Nations (later six). 

Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas 
(Tuscaroras). 

9. Conestogas. 

In Lancaster County. Unfriendly to whites. 

10. Sachem of Iroquois. 

Not hereditary. Councils very deliberate. 

11. Characteristics of Iroquois. 

1. Faithful to allies, perfidious to enemies. 

2. Braves shown and taught about treaties. 

3. Punished offenders of local tribes. 

12 Characteristics and Habits of Delawares. 

1. Field products were maize, squash, beans and to- 
bacco. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA ll 

2. Vessels of clay and copper. 

3. Axes, arrow-heads and other instruments of stone. 

4. Paints and dyes from woods and vegetables. Clay 
from creeks in Pennsylvania. 

5. Records painted on trees; carved on stone; handed 
down orally. 

13. Relationship with Quakers. 

Penn said, "Do not abuse them, but let them have 
justice and you win them." 

An unarmed Quaker was always respected. Penn re- 
spected highly by Indians. Indians would take all 
treaties to spots similar to those where they used to 
meet Brother Mignon (Penn) and lay them on a clean 
blanket or bark. Such friendly relationships existed un- 
til 1780. Treaties never broken by Indians. 

Indians called Virginians "Long Knives;" New York- 
ers "Dutchmen;" New Englanders "Yangees." All 
treated Indians alike. 

Indians sold land with idea that they could still fish 
and hunt on it. Couldn't understand any but com- 
munistic theory of ownership. Cruel to enemies. Re- 
spected bravery and fidelity. Belt of wampum with red 
arrow meant war. Adepts at imitating animal cries. 
Fought in ambush. Scalps brought honor. Prisoners 
subjected to gauntlet and other severe ordeals. 

Penn's treaty protected Pennsylvania farmers for 73 
years. Then whites broke treaty. 



12 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

THE DUTCH, THE SWEDES AND THE ENGLISH IN 
THE DELAWARE VALLEY PRIOR TO 1681. 

L THE DUTCH. 

14. Claims. 

Claimed possession of north and south rivers (Hudson 
and Delaware) by virtue of Henry Hudson's discovery, 
August 28, 1609. Also claimed adjacent territory called 
New Netherlands. 

15. Henry Hudson. 

Englishman employed by East India Company in 
search of northwest passage. Entered Delaware Bay. 

16. Capt. Cornelius Jacobson May (1614). 

Sent to explore. Sailed along Jersey coast. Across 
bay named Cape Hindlopen. One vessel burned, but 
built another, named "Unrest" ("Restless"). In this 
he sailed to Philadelphia site. (1623). Again sent out 
by Dutch West India Company to take South River. 
This company organized to make settlements (1621) 
and develop trade. 

17. Swaanendael (I630)c 

Second Dutch settlement. Near Lewes, Delaware. 
Indians massacred all of the thirty-two settlers at that 
place. 

18. Fort Beversrede. 

Built by Dutch in meantime opposite Fort Nassau to 
keep beaver trade of Schuylkill. Dutch now bought 
Schuylkill and adjoining lands, including Philadelphia. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA Vi 

19. Dutch Control. 

Commanded at that time South River (Delaware;, 
land at mouth of Schuylkill, both capes at Bay. 

II. SWEDES. 

20. Peter Minuet (Minit). 

Was Director General of New Amsterdam. Lived 
there six years. Purchased all west shore of Delaware, 
from Bombay Hook to Schuylkill, from Indians, March 
29, 1638. Named country New Sweden. Built Fort 
Christina. 

21. Swedish Colony. 

Bounded on west by Cape Hindlopen (Henlopen) to 
Trenton Falls ; east by Cape May to Mantua Creek. 
Only 23 people. 

22. Gov. Hollender. 

Purchased land on west ot river to Trenton Falls. 

23. Gov Johan Printz (1642). 
His duties were these : 

1. To maintain Swedish Lutheran religion. 

2. To keep a monopoly of Indian trade. 

3. To defend country on west of river. 

He built a fort across from Christina called Elfsborg. 
People progressed during his term. All strict in religion 
and all tried to influence Indians. 

24. Dutch Claims to Swedish Colony. 

Printz had demolished Dutch houses and felled trees 
around Dutch forts. Dutch finally, under Stuyvesant, 



14 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

built Fort Casimir on Delaware and collected toll from 
vessels bound up river. 

25. Printz to England. 

Printz sailed to England in a Dutch ship. If a new 
expedition had not been sent in 1654, New Sweden 
would have soon reached its end. 

26. Gov. Rising. 

Many emigrants desired to come. 350 did come. Re- 
newed Indian treaties. Drove Dutch from Casimir. 
Mills and beaver trade flourished. 

27. Dutch Uprising against Swedes (1655). 

Fleet and 600 men came to New Amsterdam. Fort 
Elfsborg, ruined. Casimir retaken. Swedes in sub- 
mission. (1657) Everet Peterson reported: "But 20 
families in Amsterdam ; mostly Swedes." Sweden along 
river were objects of suspicion. Strong in numbers, 
commerce and agriculture. (1659) 200 families of 
Swedes under control of West India Company. 

III. THE ENGLISH. 

28. Charles II. 

In 1664 he gave New York and New Jersey to his 
brother, Duke of York. Duke gave New Jersey to 
Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. 

29. Col. Nichols. 

Sailed to New Amsterdam. Stuyvesant surrendered. 
New Amsterdam now named New York. 

30. Sir Robert Carr. 

Went to New Amstel (now New Castle) on Dela- 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 15 



ware. English used brute force. Sort of massacre. 
Dutch surrendered. 

31. Terms of Transfer. 

Freedom of religion. All officers to retain posts. All 
had to take new oath of allegiance. Council to be made 
up of three Swedes, two Dutch. New Castle center of 
authority. Fort at that place had 21 men. 

32. Dutch return to New York (1675). 

English surrendered. After five months New Nether- 
lands and Delaware River ceded to English by treaty be- 
tween home powers (1675). 

33. Emigration. 

Some Swedes to Maryland. English Quakers to Jer- 
sey. Robert Wade, Quaker, in Chester. 

34. Brief History of New Jersey. 

1. Settlements around Shrewsbury, Middletown, 
Elizabeth in 1665. George Fox interested in freedom 
of religion for Quakers. Josiah Cole, Quaker, found Ber- 
keley willing to sell his half of New Jersey to John Fen- 
wick and Ed. Billinge. 

2. Difference of opinion between Fenwick and Bill- 
inge settled by Penn, who gave one-tenth of land to Feri- 
wick with a sum of money; remainder to Billinge, who 
later transferred his share. Fenwick was very energetic 
in bringing emigrants. 

3. Penn and two others purchased Billinge's share. 
Sold tracts ; helped trade. Richard Hartshorne and two 
Friends w^r^ m^de commissioners. Very good rulers. 



16 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

4. In 1677 Quaker emigrants stopped at Sandy 
Hook to tell Gov. Andros their intentions. He granted 
right of way. 

5. Swedes of Upland became Indian interpreters. 
Bought land from Indians. 

35. Two Companies among Settlers. 
Yorkshire people, who settled near Trenton. 
London people, who settled near Gloucester. 

Both united at Burlington. Londoners on one side of 
street, Yorkshires on other. 

36. Quakers. 

Settled at Salem, Burlington and in Pennsylvania. 
About 1,400 in all. Central points of location were Falls 
of Delaware, Shackamaxon, New Castle, Hoarkills and 
Upland. Yearly meetings at Burlington. 

37. East Jersey. 

Not prosperous. Sold to twelve Friends. Penn at 
head. Robert Barclay of Gordonstown, Moray, made 
Governor for life. 

THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS AND WILLIAM PENN. 
I. QUAKERS UNDER GEORGE FOX. 

38. George Fox. 

Fox was an English boy of quiet religious bearing. 
Founded Quakerism at age of 24. Believed God 
revealed to him many mysteries. Spread his doctrine 
broadcast. Called followers "Children of Light." All 
were later incorporated with "Society of Friends." All 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 17 

believed in a spiritual democracy, quiet worship, no va- 
riety of form, and no modified branches. 

39. Church versus Quakers. 

Church and ritualism opposed to Quakerism. Quakers 
contended Oxford alone could not qualify men to be- 
come ministers. 

40. Covenant of Peace. 

George Fox, v^^hen imprisoned for his beliefs, refused 
all overtures by which he could have been freed. Would 
not take up arms. 

41. Quakers' Attitude toward Government. 

Refused to take oaths or sue. If imprisoned and 
guards opened doors, no Quaker would leave before 
proper time. 

42. Quakers abroad. 

Representatives for purpose of spreading doctrines 
went to Pope, to Holland, to Germany, to Malta, to Sul- 
tan of Turkey. 60,000 Quakers in England in 1690. 

43. Causes of Persecution. 

Quakers refused to support the established church. 
Would not take oaths of allegiance. Would not take 
off hats before anyone, judges or kings. Would not 
recognize any laws restricting their freedom. Rebuked 
king at will. Spread beliefs aggressively. Charles II 
sympathized with them, and tried to help them. 

44. First Quaker Organization. 

All adults took part in transacting business. No ballot- 
ing. Supreme body was "Yearly Meeting" held in Lon- 



18 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

don, and composed* of delegates or full membership. 
Lower body was a quarterly, monthly, or preparative 
meeting. The monthly meeting was the executive meet- 
ing. Studied items regarding individual interests, chil- 
dren, community standings, etc. 

II. QUAKERS UNDER PENN. 

45. Penn's Father. 

Vice-Admiral of Cromwell's fleet. Knighted by 
Charles II. Loaned king 1G,000 pounds, which w^as part- 
ly paid back by grant of Pennsylvania. 

46. William Penn. 

Born 1644. Admitted to Oxford. Was expelled be- 
cause of inclination toward Puritanism. Father sent him 
to Paris, hoping thus to cure him of those inclinations. 
Admitted to law school at Lincoln's Inn, 1665. Served 
in Dutch War. Heard Thomas Loe in Ireland, and be- 
came a Quaker. Father sent Penn from home. Im- 
prisoned in The Tower. There he wrote greatest work, 
"No Cross — No Crown," and other essays. Released 
and retried 1670. For ten years he passed his time 
preaching in England and Germany and in prisons. 

47. George Fox and Penn Compared. 

Former uncouth, uneducated, but a great leader. Latter 
revered Fox's leadership; was well educated, refined, 
pious and possessed great executive powers. 

48. Origin of Word "Quaker." 

Justice Bennett first called Fox "Quaker." He (Fox) 
made Bennett tremble in the fear of God. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 19 



I 



^0 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 21 



CHAPTER I. 

Penn's Charter, 1681-1682. 

49. Charter of Charles II to William Penn. 

March 4, 1681. Drawn by Penn. Copied from Lord 
Baltimore's grant to Maryland. Revised by Attorney- 
General of England. Could be annulled. Penn agreed 
to extinguish royal debt of 16,000 pounds upon receipt 
of grant; but, as a formality, promised to send yearly to 
Windsor Castle "two beaver skins and one-fifth of all 
gold and silver ore found in province." Penn could or- 
ganize his own government with consent of majority of 
colonists. Boundaries of section very indefinite. King 
had intended to give Penn a tract 3 degrees in latitude, 5 
degrees in longitude. Penn asked for and received from 
James II the state of Delaware. Ruled by Penns until 
after Revolution. 

50. Penn's Further Powers and Duties. 

Appoint judges. Pardon crimes, except treason and 
murder. Incorporate cities. Captain-General of troops. 

51. Germs of Revolutionary Troubles. 

1. All colonial laws given to Privy Council, and, if 
approved in five years six months, were laws. 

2. King could impose no laws without consent of 
Parliament. 

3. A minister could preach to 20 inhabitants or more. 

4. Right of Parliament to tax colony always "as- 



22 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

sumed," but never exercised until close to time of Revo- 
lution. 

52. Name Given to Pennsylvania. 

1. Penn Chase, "New Wales" (Walsh) or "Syl- 
vania," meaning woods. 

2. Finally province was named "Penn-Sylvania" or 
Perm's Woods. 

53. Col. Wm. Markham. 

Deputy to Penn. Reached New York June 21, 1681. 
Called council of nine to form government. Two were 
Swedes, others English. Penn's charter found to con- 
flict with Lord Baltimore's. Decision in favor of latter 
because latter was fifty years older. 

54. Purchase from Indians. 

Indians who engaged in selling land called "Sacha- 
makers." Markham bought Bucks County with blank- 
ets, combs, pipes, etc. Indians never questioned legality 
of transaction. 

55. Terms to Settlers. 

Issued description of soil and climate. 5,000 acres for 
100 pounds. Rent of one shilling per 100 acres yearly. 
Could have 100 acres in town. 

56. Philadelphia, "Capital City." 

Commissioners were sent from England to lay out 
cities and treat wuth Indians. To treat Indians kmdly 
and try to buy at reasonable prices. Philadelphia, 15 
miles north of Upland. "Brotherly Love" laid out by 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 23 

Thomas Holme. 1,280 acres until 1854. House first 
erected along Delaware front. 

57. Religious Liberty. 

1. Penn spent years in prison because of beliefs. 

2. Liberty for Penn meant liberty for those who be- 
lieved as he did. 

3. Tried to find settlers who would put his theories 
into practice. 

4. Consulted with Markham, Furley and others. 

5. Revised laws to suit religious ideas. 

58. Fundamental Constitution. (Before Frame of 1682.) 

1. Twenty-four clauses. 

2. Penn's idea of government. 

3. Right to worship as conscience directed. 

4. Yearly assembly. 

5. People vote on every law. 

6. Governor could veto in fourteen days. 

7. No liquor sold, nor demoralizing sports permitted. 

8. Referendum. 

59. Charter to Colony. 

I. Penn's idea of government. Combine government 
with religion. Good men, good government, and vice 
versa. Government should support power in preference 
to people. 

II. Charter Proper (1682). 

1. Council of 72 to serve three years, one-third re- 
tiring yearly. 

2. Governor to have three votes, no veto. 



24 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

3. Could originate bills. 

4. Governor and council were executive powers. 

5. Assembly at first to consist of all freemen of 
colony; later 200 representatives to be elected annually. 

III. Faults. People thought assembly should have 
greater powers. Legislature too large for small colony. 

60. Laws Agreed upon in England. 

1. Freeman (those holding at least 100 acres of 
land), and tax-payers could vote or be elected to council 
or assembly. 

2. Trial by jury. Open courts, prisoners, etc. Reg- 
istration of vital statistics. Children taught trades. 

3. Christians eligible to office. 

4. Trading with Indians to be open. Injuries to 
Indians to be punished. 

5. Penn refused offers from traders to protect In- 
dians. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 25 



2G HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 27 



CHAPTER II. 

Penn's Administration, 1G82-1684. 

61. William Penn's Arrival in Pennsylvania. 

Came on ship "Welcome" with 70 emigrants. Landed 
at New Castle, October 27, 1682. Proceeded to "Upland" 
and up Delaware river to foot of Dock Creek. Found 
plenty to do; became legislator, founder, minister and 
undisputed leader. Visited New York and its governor. 
Attended to rapid building of Philadelphia. Laid out 
Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester Counties. 

62. First Assembly. 

1. Met at Chester, Dec. 16, 1682. 

2. Forty members. 

3. Session lasted four days. 

4. Nicholas More elected speaker. 

5. Annexed lower counties. 

6. Naturalized foreigners (Swedes). 

63. The Great Law. 

I. Was a modified code of laws drawn up by Penn. 

1. Pledge of religious liberty. 

2. Limited office holders to those who believed m 

Christ. 

3. All taxpayers could vote. 

4. Prohibited sale of rum to Indians. 

5. Death penalty for treason and murder only. 

6. Minor offenses punished according to gravity of 
crime. 



28 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

II. Legislators enlarged upon this law, making it ex- 
plicit where necessary. 

New legislature contained twelve members from each 
county. 

64. Immigrants (1682). 

1. Twenty-three vessels had brought between two and 
three thousand. 

2. Most landed at Chester or Philadelphia. 

3. Lived in rude mud huts until permanent homes 
were completed. 

65. The Peacemakers. 

They were men selected to meet monthly and act as a 
court in adjusting various differences. 

66. Penn's Famous Treaty with the Indians. 

1. Penn purchased, 1683, "right of soil" in south- 
eastern Pennsylvania, embracing Bucks, Philadelphia 
and Chester Counties. 

2. The treaty was open and clear even to Indians, and 
it kept peace for 73 years. (See Section 13.) 

3. June 23, 1683, Tamanen (Tammany of tradition 
springs from that name) sold a tract of land for so much 
goods as Penn saw lit to give. This was a very impor- 
tant transaction. 

4. Various other treaties were made between Penn 
and Indians; and these were afterwards referred to by 
Indians contending for their rights. 

67. Liquor Forbidden to Indians. 

1. Yearly meeting decided to prohibit sale of rum 
to Indians ; but some traders disobeyed. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 29 



2. The better class of Indians knew the harm in 
rum and voluntarily abstained. 

68. Penn s "Letitia" House. 

1. Built in Philadelphia and named for his daughter. 

(a) Sessions of council were held here. 

(b) Woman tried for witchcraft. 

69. System of Education (Decemiber, 1683). 

1. Council sent for Enoch Flower, a former teacher 
in England. 

2. He made an itemized list of how much pupils 
should be charged for each branch of work. 

(a) Reading, 4 shillings per quarter. ^ 

(b) Writing and arithmetic, 8 shillings per quarter. 

(c) Boarding and schooling combined, £10 per year. 

70. Welsh Immigrants. 

1. Came in 50 ships, 1683. 

2. Wanted to settle a colony strictly Welsh. 

3. Penn said they must then buy all their land. 

4. They governed themselves by religious meetings. 

5. Thomas Lloyd was a prominent Welshman. He 
aided Penn later. 

71. German Immigrants (1683). 

1. Penn and Fox had previously traveled to and 
throughout Germany seeking sympathizers. 

2. Newcomers founded Germantown, August, 1683. 
50,000 acres of land. 

3. Pastorius was head. 

4. Friends and Mennonites came too. 



30 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

72. Trouble with Lord Baltimore. 

1. Lord Baltimore stirred up dispute over boundary 
between Pennsylvania and Maryland. 

2. Penn went to England in an effort to thwart 
Lord Baltimore's plans. 

Boundary dispute settled later. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 31 



32 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 33 



CHAPTER III. 

Governors, 1684-1692. 

73. Thomas Lloyd. 

1. Head of government. 

2. President of Council. * 

3. Keeper of Seal. 

4. Administration faulty. 

(a) Disputes began to arise during his term ol 
office. 

(b) People learned of their real power anl 
abused it. 

(c) Penn placed Council's power in Lloyd's 
hands. 

74. Impeachment of Nicholas More. 

1. Former speaker of Assembly. 

2. Tried in 1685. 

3. As a judge he was arbitrary. 

4. Nothing serious found against him. 

5. Died before case was definitely settled. 

75. Disputes in and about Council. 

1. Two men at one time burst into Council chamber 
and demanded impeachment of Nicholas More. 

2. This demand was typical of conditions then ex- 
isting. 

76. Cave Dwellers. 

Caves were rude, temporary dwellings along Delaware 



34 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

River, built by settlers while more permanent abodes 
were under construction. 

These caves were later occupied by undesirable per- 
sons who disturbed the peace. 

77. John Blackwell. 

1. Was a sober, wise and grave "old parliamentary 
soldier." 

2. Met Council in December, 1688. 

3. Lloyd refused to recognize bills proposed by him. 

4. Whenever Lloyd entered Council, then under 
Blackwell, it adjourned. 

5. But Quakers favored Lloyd, and consequently 
Penn was finally forced to remove Blackwell and instate 
Lloyd. 

78. Alarms of War. 

1. War was expected with French during Blackwell's 
administration, 

2. Quakers refused to take up arms, but citizens of 
lower counties wanted war. 

3. Quakers could not conscientiously engage in war- 
fare on account of religious beliefs. 

79. Penn in Trouble (1688). 

• 

1. The rule of Prince of Orange (William and 
Mary) brought some religious toleration but no religious 
equality. 

Quakers could hold no offices nor sit as jurors. 

2. At this time Penn's influence at court was weak. 

3. Was charged with being a Jacobite and a Jesuit. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 35 

4. Was called to court and examined in regard to 
his attitude toward new ruler. 

5. A letter from James II, asking Penn to aid in his 
restoration, was found in Penn's possession. 

6. Was arrested twice and tried, 1690. 

7. John Fox died in 1690, and Penn preached the 
funeral sermon. 

8. William Fuller, a cheat, accused Penn of having 
treasonable intentions in his apparent efforts to restore 
James II. 

9. As a result, Penn had to conceal himself in Lon- 
don for some time. 

80. Friction in Colonies. 

The question arose as to whether the colonies should 
express allegiance to new king without Penn's consent. 
Thomas Lloyd advised them affirmatively. 

81. Lower Counties (also called "Territories"). 

1. People there were not Quakers but were congenial 
with them. 

2. They had preferred Penn to Lord Baltimore. 

3. Lloyd was deputy for the province, and Markham 
for territories. 

82. George Keith. 

1. Formerly traveled with Penn and Fox. 

2. Was a scholar; had taught a Philadelphia school. 

3. Attacked Quakers, saying they exalted the Holy 
Ghost at expense of the Bible. 

4. Thomas Lloyd expressed his views against Keith. 



36 HISTORY OF PExMNSYLVANIA 

5. In 1694, yearly meeting brought testimony againsi 
Keith. 

6. Followers of Keith did much damage in Phila- 
delphia. 

?. Keith became an Episcopal minister. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 37 



38 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 39 



CHAPTER IV. 

Penn's Restoration, 1692-1701. 

83. Governor Fletcher. 

1. Appointed instead of Penn. 

2. Cared little for Penn's laws. 

3. Ignored different constructions placed upon "prov- 
ince" and "territory." 

4. Reduced number of legislators. 

5. Council no longer had power of orginating bills. 
The organization was not in touch with constituents. 

6. Markham made Lieutenant-Governor. 

54. War Disputes. 

1. Governor wanted to assist New York against 
L^>ench and Indians. 

(a) He said that people could give money under 

head of "governmental expenses" if they had qualms 

about giving toward war expenses. 

3. People wanted Penn's laws, but Governor refused 
it first. 

3. Later he had to yield and he confirmed "Great 
Law." (See Chapter II.) 

4. War question again came up with David Lloyd 
m speaker's chair. 

5. He wanted people to try to buy Five Nations 
from French. (See Section 8.) 



40 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(k Adjournment took place before that matter was 
settled. 
7. Thomas Lloyd and Markham each received £200. 

85. Penn Restored, 1693. 

1. Three English lords went to king to represent his 
case. King pardoned him. 

2. Minutes of "Board of Trade and Plantations." 

(a) Penn was to go to colonies at once; carry out 
all king's wishes ; pay taxes to the crown and ap- 
point a deputy-governor. 

(b) Council and Assembly were to decide ques- 
tions concerning organization of troops. 

(c) This last was later considered very unwise, 
as those bodies wanted peace and no preparations for 
war. 

3. Penn did not favor strife ; but insisted that laws 
be enforced. 

4. Markham, deputy-governor, was assisted by Samuel 
Carpenter and John Goodson. 

86. Markham and Privateers. 

1. Fletcher asked aid to feed Albany Indians. As- 
sembly at first refused, but later asked concessions and 
granted aid. 

2. Council consisted of two members from each of 
six counties, elected for two-year terms. 

:]. Assembly consisted of four members from each 
of six counties elected annually, 
(a) Could originate bills. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 41 



(b) Could adjourn at pleasure. 

(c) Could not be dissolved by governor. 
4. Criminals began to enter province. 

5 Privateers also, encouraged by glory and wealth 
gained by buccaneers of West Indies, entered Delaware 
valley. They attacked and robbed town of Lewes, and 
terrorized inhabitants round about. 

6. Province was reported to be secretly aiding such 

crimes. 

(a) Instigated by Penn's enemies. 

7. Penn was called before board of trade in Eng- 
land to explain various delinquencies. 

Markham also charged; and Penn oflfered to remove 
him, although believing him innocent. 

8. This was done in 1699 by order of the board, 
and Penn sailed to Pennsylvania to assume government. 

87. Penn's Second Visit. 

1. Came in company with wife, Hannah Callowhill. 
City just recovering from yellow fever epidemic. 

2. James Logan, an Irishman, also came with Penn. 

(a) Logan was foremost in Pennsylvania affairs 
for half a century, having been successively secre- 
tary and agent of the Penns ; commissioner of prop- 
erty; chief justice; and acting-governor for two 

years. 

(b) During most of time, he was a member of 

governor's council. 

(c) He was a Friend who believed in defensive 
warfare ; he was learned, able and honest; 



42 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

3. Penn built a beautiful residence at Pennsburg, 
above Bristol. 

4. Soon called Assembly together. 

(a) To make laws governing illegal trading, etc. 

(b) To decide under which charter they should 
operate. 

(c) Penn advised all to do nothing rash, nor to 
tamper with governmental authority. 

5. King asked for £350 for erecting forts on New 
York frontier. 

(a) Penn read letter to Assembly. 

(b) Penn declared taxes were already too high. 

(c) Nothing definite resulted. 

88. Charter of 1701. 

1. Penn insisted that legislative bodies permanently 
adjust charter question. 

2. They sent in 21 demands against properties, touch- 
ing even Penn's. 

3. Penn expressed regret that they should care so 
little about civil and religious questions as momentarily 
to ignore them. 

4. Penn agreed upon a Frame or Charter which lasted 
75 years. 

(a) First clause permitted religious liberty as re- 
gards holding office. Later, Catholics were barred; 
and still later, Jews were barred. 

(b) Second clause provided that four assembly- 
men from each county be elected in October yearly ; 
that qualifications of members be decided upon by 
body; that minor rules of meetings be made at will. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 43 

(c) Third clause provided that sheriff, coroner, 
etc., be elected, one to be chosen by governor. 

(d) Fourth clause provided for the making and 
recording of laws. 

(e) Fifth clause secured rights of criminals. 

(f) Sixth clause provided that Council may not 
hear disputes about property except on appeal from 
court. 

(g) Seventh clause provided that tavern Jceepers 
be recommended by County Judge. 

(h) Eighth clause protected property of suicides, 
(i) Ninth clause declared that neither Penn nor 
heirs w^ould ever violate charter. 

89. Charter of Philadelphia, 1691. ' 

1. First mayor, Edw. Shippen. 

(a) Intolerable conditions had driven him from 
Boston. ' 

2. Later an older Charter v^as found and Morrey be- 
came mayor. 

90. Charter of Government. 

1. King supreme. 

2. Penn and heirs were governors. 

(a) They could sign or veto all bills. 

(b) Could appoint a deputy. 

3. Council selected by governor or deputy, acted as 
advisory board to executive officer. 

4. Assembly, the popular house. 

(a) Majority Quakers. 

(b) Handled money questions. 



44 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

T). Judges appointed by governor. 

6. No militia, forts or guns to me maintained. 

91. Separation of Lower Counties. 

1. They were jealous, and Penn permitted separation. 

2. Some men governed in each division of counties. 

3. In 1701 Penn went to England. 

4. He had retrieved colony from lawlessness and es- 
tablished law and order. 

• 

92. Penn and the Fords. 

1. Penn's private afi'airs. 

(a) Philip Ford was agent. 

(b) Penn inherited land in Ireland. 

(c) Wars had reduced income. 

(d) Trips back and forth across Atlantic, salaries, 
etc., cost £50,000. 

(e) People slow in paying taxes or rents. 

(f) Penn careless in financial matters. 

(g) Colonists, under Lloyd, were ungrateful and 
selfish. 

2. Philip Ford, 1699, agent sent to Ireland. 

(a) Ford was dishonest. Induced Penn to sign 
a deed involving 300,000 acres to pay Ford's debts. 

(b) Penn had to convey all American property to 
Ford with the Royal Charter. 

(c) Before Penn sailed to America, Ford secured 
his signature, releasing Ford from all obligations. 

93. Penn in Prison. 

1. Penn returned to England. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVA NIA 45 

2. Ford's wife sued him for money. 

(a) Close friends advised him to ignore claims. 

(b) Thrown into Fleet Street prison for nine 

months. 

(c) Fords were then forced to compromise, and 

Penn was released. 

94. Maryland Boundary Line. 

1. Penn's title to three lower counties, now State of 
Delaware, came from Duke of York. 

2. Duke of Y'ork, later James II, neglected to attach 
his seal before his exit in 1688. 

3. Baltimore now claimed, by charter of 1632, pen- 
insula between Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. 

4. Board of Trade, 1685, decided: Run a line north- 
wardly from central point of line then existing (east to 
west) between two bays at latitude of Cape Henlopen. 
This was probably not the present Cape Henlopen. East 
of line to be drawn northwardly, property to belong to 
king; and west, to Lord Baltimore. This legalized Penn's 
deed. 

5. Boundary of State of Delaware, thus planned, 
has remained to present day. 

6. But line between Pennsylvania and Maryland 

must next be settled. 

(a) Baltimore claimed to 40th parallel; Penn, to 

39th parallel, southward. 

(b) Maryland government colonized by force cer- 
tain lands along line, and ejected Pennsylvania 
colonists. 



40 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(c) London decisions in 1732 and 1750 both un- 
satisfactory. 

(d) Finally, 1767, Charles Mason and Jeremiah 
Dixon, expert surveyors, located northern boundary 
of Maryland at 39° 44', and set up mile-stones. This 
closed the question definitely. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 47 



4<S HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 40 

CHAPTER V. 

Political Parties, 1701-1712. 

95. Condition of Province. 

1 Population remained mostly English and Welsh. 

2. Trade good. 

3. Farmers (Swedes) were prosperous. 

(a) Needed money since most debts had to be 
paid in produce, etc. 

4. Philadelphia continued to grow substantially. 

96. Andrew Hamilton. 

1. Succeeded Markham as deputy, but died soon aftci' 
his appointment by Penn. 

2. Succeeded by John Evans. 

97. Political Parties (1704). 

1. Proprietary. 

(a) Headed by James Logan, 
(c) Comprised wealthy, well-educated Friends of 
Philadelphia. 

(c) Tried to make Pennsylvania an artistocracy. 

(d) Sympathized with Penn and tried to help him 
in his difficulties. 

2. Popular Party. 

(a) Headed by David Lloyd. 

(b) They ruled assembly for several years. 

(c) Democratic policies of the party were not 
bad, but the leader was found to be Penn's opponent. 



50 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

3. Church Party. 

(a) Headed by Col. Robert Quarry. 

(b) Object of party was to have Pennsylvania 
converted into a crown colony, with an established 
church, under English toleration act. 

(c) Military organization. 

(d) Tried to drive Quakers from power by forc- 
ing them to take and administer oaths 

98. Differences between Council and Assembly. 

1. Question arose as to whether Assembly had right 
to adjourn at pleasure. 

2. Popular party, now ruling Assembly and led by 
David Lloyd, won. 

3. In session of 1704, nine resolutions were adopt- 
ed by Assembly, complaining of difficulties which had 
arisen, and charging Penn with causing same. 

(a) These were found to be the result of author- 
ized work of David Lloyd. 

(b) Statements alleged. Penn had aided council; 
did not try to secure Quakers against taking oaths ; 
sympathized with enemies of province; and had al- 
lowed an increase in vice to exist in colony by per-* 
mitting Governor Evans and Wm. Penn, Jr., to go 
unpunished for various indiscretions. 

4. Penn's son was wild and unruly; had dissipated 
in England and had been sent to America to be re- 
formed. 

5. He and Governor Evans were arrested one night 
in a drunken brawl. 

6. Assembly ordered Lloyd to publish a disclaimer 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 51 



and to send it to Penn. He at first disobeyed, but the 
paper finally reached Penn. 

7. Lloyd defeated for speakership of Assembly, 1705. 

99. Mistakes of Governor Evans. 

1. Arrest of Wm. Biles, minister to Friends. 

(a) Biles charged with libelling governor. 

(b) Evans fined .him £300 and threw him into 

prison. 

(c) Assembly then interfered and freed Biles. 

2. Effort to raise a militia. 

(a) Quakers wanted voluntary militia. 

(b) During an annual Quaker fair, the governor 
sent a crier about anouncing the coming of a French 

fleet. 

(c) At another time, he called the Quakers to 
arms; but their mid-week meeting was in progress 
and they continued it to its close. 

3. Evans erected a fort on Delaware River to col- 
lect vessel tolls. 

(a) This antagonized proprietary's best friends. 

(b) A boat which refused to pay toll was fired 
upon by orders of Evans. 

(c) Evans also caused firing upon the ship of 
Lord Cornbury, governor of New York and New 

Jersey. 

(d) Fort soon after had to be given up, and tolls 
collected in less drastic manner. 

4. David Lloyd again in power (until 1710). 

(a) He was a better executive than Evans. 



52_ HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(b) He organized Pennsylvania into a pure 
democracy. 

(c) Placed higher power in hands of Assembly. 

(d) Caused Assembly to impeach Logan; but he 
was acquitted in England. 

100. Governor Gookin (1709). 

1. He was unwise and later beeame deranged. 

2. New and better men were placed in Assembly. 

(a) They made the initial attempt to legislate 
against slavery. 

(b) The act preventing importation of negroes 
and Indians, passed by that Assembly, was repealed 
by England. 

101. War Supplies. 

1. Assembly of 1705, under David Lloyd, refused to 
raise £4,000 or 150 men for assisting English army in 
its expedition against Canada. 

2. But they gave i50(i to English queen as token of 
respect, not for warfare. 

3. Assembly, under Isaac Norris, voted queen £2,000 
to be used "at her discretion." 

102. Projected Sale of Province to Crown. 

1. Financial difficulties forced Penn to consider idea 
of selling province, providing: 

(a) Quaker rights be respected by English owners. 

(b) Quakers be placed on juries even without 
oath or affirmation. 

2. People of Pennsylvania imagined they were abused. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 53 

(a) Logan urged Penn to sell regardless of will of 
people. 
;3. Price was to be £12,000 in 1712. 

(a) Penn was to reserve his manors. 

(b) Rights of people were to be respected by new 
owners. 

4. A stroke of apoplexy rendered Penn incapable of 
transacting business. 

(a) He died October 4, 1712, from a later stroke. 

(b) During period of Penn's incapacity, his wife 
handled all afifairs. 



54 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 55 



5G HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 57 



CHAPTER VI. 

Organization, 1712-172G. 



103. Gookin's Salary. 

1. People paid him only what they could well afford. 

2. After 5 years he requested a more liberal compen- 
sation. 

3. Vented his displeasure upon Assembly. 

(a) Ignored rights of that body. 

(b) Sent a delegation to threaten same. 

(c) Charged Speaker Hill with disloyalty. 

104. Oath Troulbles. 

1. Quakers thought God forbade oaths in any form. 

2. According to English law, Quakers could not be 
jurors, could not give evidence, could not hold civil 

office. 

(a) As most legal offices in Pennsylvania were 
held by Quakers, justice was slow. 

105. Affirmation. 

In 1718, Assembly made a form of affirmation legal, 
which form was similar to the form in England, includ- 
ing name of God. 

106. Affirmation Act Confiirmed. 

In 1724, Crown confirmed an act of Assembly which 
rendered legal a form of affirmation which was simply 
a promise, omitting name of Deity. 



58 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

107. Gookin removed. 

1717 ; and Penn's widow appointed Wm. Keith as 
governor. 

108. Jonathan Hayes. 

1. He was a prosperous farmer of Chester County, 
who was murdered in 1715. 

(a) Two men were accused. 

2. Trial. 

(a) Eight jurors were Quakers. Accepted by 
affirmation. 

(b) Provincial law found prisoners guilty. 

(c) They appealed to England, but they were exe- 
cuted. 

3. Gookin had interpreted law to effect that un- 
sworn juries could not convict. 

(a) People were indignant over result of trial and 
treatment of prisoners. 

4. Governor Keith agreed with court and pronounced 
verdict legal. 

109. Stiffening of Penal Code. 

1. Penn had classified murder and treason as capital 
crimes. 

2. After aceptance of affirmation act of 1718, liigh- 
way robbery, maiming, burglar}- and counterfeiting were 
added to list of capital crimes. 

(a) Persons guilty of any such crimes had to be 
tried under English law. 

3. Governor Keith aided Quakers in everything pos- 
sible. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 59 



no. Penn's Death.— Estate. 

1. Left English and Irish estates to children of first 
wife. 

2. Pennsylvania to John, Thomas, Margaret, Rich- 
ard and Dennis and their mother. 

3. Wm. Penn, Jr., tried to break will, but died 
soon after father. 

4. Control of land given to three lords in trust, to 
complete sale to crown. 

5. Mrs. Penn directed afifairs herself. 

111. Administration Economy. 

1. Industrial Conditions. 

(a) Agricultural products abundant. 

(b) Inspectors closely examined various products. 

(c) Use of foreign goods was discouraged. 

2. Government Expenses. 

(a) £1,500 paid by taxation, annually. 

(b) Keith received £950 and some tavern licenses 
by which he doubled his income. 

(c) "Presents to Indians" and salaries to com- 
missioners caused further expense. 

3. Militia and courts of equity established. 

(a) These aided in preventing Indian troubles. 

1 1 2. Paper Money, 1 723. 

1. Legal tender in state had been produce. Interest 
lowered from 8% to 6%. 

2. Keith proposed issue of money. At first he met 
with opposition, but later his plan was adopted. 

3. First issue £15,000. 



(50 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



(a) Bills ranged from 1 to 20's. 

(b) Owner of plate or unencumbered property 
could get bills. 

(c) Loans on plate made for 1 year; on property 
for 8 years. 

(d) Amount ranged from £12 to £100. Bor- 
rower to pay % of loan on real estate anually. This 
sum was to aid in issuing more paper. 

4. In 1724, £30,000 more issued. Issuance continued 
until Revolution. 

5. Assembly favored, but proprietors feared issuing 
paper money. 

113. Attack on Logan. 

1. Keith liked by Assembly but not by Council. 

2. He agreed with Lloyd's party that Council had no 
place in legislation. This was constitutionally correct, but 
proprietors disagreed. 

3. Keith removed Logan from position as Secretary to 
Province because of disrespect to governor. 

114. Logan's Vindication. 

1. He went to England and returned with letters from 
Mrs. Penn. The letters restored him. 

2. She censured Keith for appointing officers at 
pleasure, and hinted at removing him. 

3._ Lloyd upheld Keith and gave him £1000. 

4. Mrs. Penn finally removed him. He had been sue 
cessful, but he was a demagogue. He died in London 
debtors' prison. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA <>^ 



02 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



63 



CHAPTER VII. 
Economic Conditions, 1726-1736. 

1 1 5. Gov. Patrick Gordon. 

1. Gordon was 82 when appointed, but governed suc- 
cessfully for 10 years. 

2. Had been in Queen Anne's army. 

3. Administration. 

(a) Was told to oppose the issuing of paper 

money. 

(b) Later found it to be wise to issue more as 
various industries made too great drain upon sup- 
ply of gold and silver. 

(c) Ship building and iron manufacturing had 

increased. 

(d) Gordon favored a restricted issue of paper 

money. 

116. More Paper Money. 

1. By Gordan's order, latest issue was cut down irom 
£50,000 to £30,000, making a total of £75,000 of paper 
money then in circulation. This rule of caution held good 
until 1739. 

117. Speaker Andrew Hamilton's Letter. 

1. Written 1739, and spoke only good things con- 
cerning province. 

(a) Pennsylvania's growth attributed to good 
constitution granting civil and religious liberty. 



(54 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(b) Annual Assemblies were better than triennial 
meetings. 

(c) Only necessary officers were elected, 'and 
most of those by popular vote. 

(d) Taxes as a whole were reasonable. 

(e) Freedom of religion discouraged hypocrisy 
and crime. 

(f) Penn vested greater powers in people than 
in himself or heirs. 

118. Other Affairs under Gordon. 

1. Effort to lift salt duty so Delaware fisheries could 
flourish. 

2. Indian questions. 

(a) Should Assembly or proprietors pay for In- 
dians' presents? 

(b) How should murders of or hy Indians be 
punished ? 

3. Appointment of Ferdinand Paris as Assembly's 
agent in London. 

(a) He was to represent popular side of ques- 
tions in court. 

4. Chief Justice David Lloyd died in 1831, and wa:» 
succeeded by James Logan, who, 1736, became president 
of Council. 

119. Hannah Penn's death (1733). 

1. Heirs were John, Thomas and Richard. 

2. John was called "The American" because he was 
bom in Pennsylvania. 

(a) Came to colony with Thomas during Gor- 
don's term. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 65 



(b) Returned to England to resist claims of Lord 
Baltimore. 
3. Thomas remained until 1741. 

(a) Well educated but non-Quaker and non- 
philanthropic. 

(b) Received ^ of father's estate when John 
died in 1746. 

120. Death of Gordon (1736). 

1. Aged 92; was mourned because of peaceful term 
and broad-minded leadership. 

2. James Logan succeeded, but only as president of 
Council. 

(a) Little business transacted for next two years. 



(X HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 67 



OS HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 01) 

CHAPTER VIII. 

Advent of Franklin, 173G-1754. 

121. Under Gov. Geo. Thomas. 

1. People at first peaceful and contented; later many 
disputes arose. 

2. Oath question settled to satisfaction of majority. 

3. Immigrants continued coming. 

122. Spanish War (1739). 

1. England declared war against Spain. Causes : 

(a) England had invaded Spain's West Indies in 
search of v^ood and salt. 

(b) As a consequence, Spain had claimed right to 
search English boats. 

123. Contest between Governor and Assembly. 

1. Duration of 3 years. 

2. Governor asked aid for defense of people. 

3. House said that although Quakers were in the 
minority, it would be a breach of charter to demand from 
them money for war. 

4. Governor could raise a militia from those who de- 
sired to enlist. 

5. Governor became angry. 

(a) Said the people constituted a province, not a 
denomination; that Wm. Penn had accepted com- 
missions. 

(b) Reminded people that religion would not 
save them froni an enemy. 



70 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(c) Brought up fact that, in 1701, Assembly had 
granted Queen £2000. 

6. Assembly's reply. 

(a) They were in from sea and surrounded by 
friendly Indians. 

(b) Implied that the Governor knew little about 
Penn's ideas. 

(c) Implied that money granted Queen was held 
by Gookin. 

(d) Implied that present Governor did not un- 
derstand his business. 

7. Governor raised troops for three months, but 
nearly all were indentured servants. 

8. House gave £3000 for king's use, provided he 
should not enlist servants into armv- 

9. Old Assembly re-elected, 1740. 

(a) Thomas Penn supported Gov. Thomas. 

(b) Latter wrote a letter to England derogatory 
to Quakers. 

(c) Gov. Thomas was looked upon with suspicion 
and disdain. 

(d) In election. Country Party, led by Isaac 
Norris, was successful. 

124. Governor and Assembly Reconciled. 

1. Assembly investigated carefully, finding Governor 
guilty. 

2. Later, he sent a friendly letter to Assembly, effect- 
ing reconciliation. 

3. Assembly voted him £1500 as salary, 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 71 



125. Isaac Norrls, Jr. 

1. Became prominent in Assembly. Served 30 years, 
15 of which he was Speaker. 

2. Suggested motto for Liberty Bell : 

"Proclaim Liberty throughout the land, and to all in- 
habitants thereof." 

125(a). Benjamin Franklin (1723). 

1. Came from Boston to Philadelphia with pockets 
bulging with clothing, etc. 

2. Worked for Keimer, the printer. 

(a) Wm. Bradford, first printer, had come to 
America in 1685. 

3. Franklin started "Pennsylvania Gazette" (1729) 
in opposition to "Weekly Mercury." 

4. Wrote many political pamphlets upholding Pop- 
ular Party; associated himself closely with Quakers. 

126. "Walking Purchase" (1737). 

1. A deed, either false or of doubtful authenticity, 
was shown to Indians. 

(a) Deed gave to English a plot of ground run- 
ning west to Wrightstown from near Trenton, 
thence northwestwardly, parallel to Delaware River 
"as far as a man could walk in 1^ days." 

(b) Plot was to extend to Lehigh hills. 

(c) Previous to this, Penn and Gov. Logan had 
dealt fairly with red men. 

2. Trained walkers did not stop at Lehigh hills, but 
went 30 miles beyond Lehigh River. 

(a) Indians attended at beginning but could not 



r2 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

keep up, by even a rapid walk, with white men's 
run. 

(b) Instead of using the Delaware River as a 
parallel line, the land sharks slanted the northern 
border so as to include Minisink Country. 

127. Indian Conference in Philadelphia (1742). 

1. Six Nations, claiming Delaware Indians as sub- 
jects, met and told them to move to Shamokin or Wyom- 
ing.- 

(a) Delawares obeyed, bat vowed vengeance on 
Six Nations and white allies. 

2. Six Nations persuaded government of Pennsyl- 
vania to clear hunting grounds along Jumata River. 

(a) By order of authorities of state (to please 
Indians) homes of the white people in that district 
were burned and settlers sent elsewhere. 

3. French were welding together all Indians except 
three Nations of Iroquois who w^ere friends of English. 

128. War between France and England (1744), 

1. Governor Thomas, aided by Franklin, raised 
10,000 men to protect Pennsylvania's interests. 

2. Logan and others helped raise money to defend 
Delaware River. 

3. Gov. Shirley of Massachusetts called on colonies to 
aid in attack on Louisburg, Cape Breton. 

(a) Assembly granted £4000 to trustees for pro- 
visions for king's service. 

(b) Louisburg fell after siege of two months. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 73 

4. In 1746, Assembly voted £5000 "for king's use," 
figuratively, for a Canadian expedition, literally. 

129. Disputes between Council and Assembly. 

1. Gov. Thomas resigned, 1746, and Anthony Palmer, 
president of Council, acted as Governor until James 
Hamilton was elected Lieutenant-Governor. 

2. Assembly and Penns disagreed about who should 
pay Indians' presents. Penns absolutely refused. 

3. Governor was given right to veto after bitter strug- 
gle in Assembly. 

130. Franklin and Logan. 

1. Franklin was elected to Assembly, 1751; drafted 
numerous documents. 

2. Logan was leader in province ; master of Latin ; do- 
nated a library to Pennsylvania; spent later years in 
scholarly retirement; died 1751. 

131. Paper Money. 

1. Province was given permission by home govern- 
ment to issue more, 1751. 

2. Governor disapproved because he was restricted by 
proprietors. 

3. Franklin wrote of great increase in trade, agricul- 
ture and industry. 

4. Assembly thought people rather than proprietors 
should control public revenue and expenditures. 

5. War intervened before question was settled. 

6. Gov. Dinwiddle sent George Washington into Ohio 
Valley to study conditions of French as to forts and 
plans, 1753-54. 



74 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

132. Albany Congress (1754). 

1. Representatives from all colonies met Six Nations 
at Albany to buy them into allegiance. 

2. Pennsylvania governor sent John Penn and Robert 
Peters ; Assembly sent Norris and Franklin. 

3. Pennsylvania commissioners bought from Iroquois, 
for £400, v^'estern part of state west and south of a Hne 
from Shamokin to Lake Erie. 

(a) Indians were deceived by false maps. 

4. Indians now ceased to be "women," and openly 
joined French. 

(a) Much trouble could have been averted had 
Thomas Penn been honest as his father. 

133. Gov. Hamilton. 

1. Calendar changed, 1752, by act of Parliament so 
that year would thence begin on January 1, instead of 
March 20. 

2. French built Fort Duquesne at junction of Alle- 
gheny and Monongahela rivers. 

(a) Hamilton requested Assembly to supply 
funds to aid Virginians in expedition against the 
fort, but was refused. 

3. Virginia troops, under Washington, were unsuccess- 
ful against Duquesne. 

4. Hamilton resigned when he realized his true situa- 
tion (1754). 

5. Succeeded by Robert Morris, same year. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 75 



76 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 77 

CHAPTER IX. 

French and Indian War, 1754-1760. 

134. Gov. Morris vs. Assembly. 

1. Assembly passed, 1754, a bill for £40,000 of paper 
money, ^ of which was to go to king. 

(a) Morris vetoed this. 

2. Representatives said it would be better to have 
savages on the border than to sacrifice principles of 
liberty. 

135. Second English-French War. 

1. England again declared war, 1775. 

(a) Sent armies under Braddock. 

2. Pennsylvania refused to aid with money. 

(a) Governor vetoed money bills. 

(b) Assembly voted: road to Ohio; pack horses 
and provisions. 

3. House issued il5,000 on own credit,— £10,000 of 
which to be used to provision troops. 

136. Braddock's Campaign. 

1. Braddock purposed to capture Fort Duquesne, and 
to rebuild it if necessary. 

2. His troops were weakened by pushing across Alle- 
gheny Mountains at 3 miles per day. 

(a) Stragglers were fired upon by Indians. 

3. Washington advised Braddock to push forward 
with 1200 men. 



78 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(a) Reached a point on Monongahela 7 miles 
from Duquesne. 

('b) British here repulsed 900 French and In- 
dians ; but ambushed Indians surprised British and 
annihilated them and killed Braddock. 
4. Dunbar, American, fled to Philadelphia, leaving 
frontier unprotected. 

(a) Indians wrought bloody havoc from Maine to 
Carolinas. 

137. Settlers Seek Aid. 

1. Parties from west petition Assembly, 1755. 

2. House voted £50,000 to be raised by taxing estates, 
including Penns. 

(a) Governor disapproved taxing of proprietors; 
Assembly intended to tax king's private estates. 

3. Differences between Morris and Assembly resulted 
in rigid party lines. 

138. Parties. 

1. Proprietary party wanted unconditional appropria- 
tion. 

Included Episcopalians of Philadelphia and Presby- 
terians of country districts, 

2. Popular party favored defense as a whole, but not 
at sacrifice of province's liberty. 

Included Quakers and Germans. 

(a) Quakers elected 26 out of 36 Assemblymen. 

3. Assembly prepared a bill granting king £60,000, re- 
deemable in 4 years by a tax on all estates. 

(a) At first both parties hesitated; but finally 
proprietors donated £5000 for defense. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 70 

4. Later, Assembly made the bill grant £')~),(HH), ex- 
empting proprietary estates from tax. 
(a) Money used for defense. 

139. Militia Laws (1755). 

1. Enacted a law for those desirous of bearing arms. 

2. Quakers of Philadelphia said they were willing to 
pay a tax for any purpose but war. 

3. A petition was sent to king asking that Quakers 
disapproving of war be kept out of Assembly by imposing 
oaths. 

140. Withdrawal of Quakers. 

1. Quaker power ended. 

2. Wm. Logan alone, dissented when Council de- 
clared war against Delawares and Shawnees. 

(a) Six Quakers left Assembly. 

(b) Quaker meetings disccurajed office-holding 
by members. 

(c) Quakers never again had a majority in 
house, but policy of that body, except war meas- 
ures, was unchanged. 

3. Franklin now led Assembly. 

141. Indian Treaties (1756). 

1. Pennsylvania gained friendship of Indians by kind- 
ness, succeeding in converting to Christianity several 
chiefs. 

2. C. F. Post, sent to make peace with Ohio Indians, 
succeeded under difficulties. 

3. Conference at Easton (1757). 



80 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(a) Albany Congress and Walking Purchase 
atoned for. 

(b) 300 chiefs exchanged wampum belts. 

142. English Victories. 

1. Took Fort Duquesne and rebuilt it as Fort Pitt. 

2. Wolfe took Quebec (1759) but died as result of 
wounds. 

3. Montreal converted into city of English, 1760. 

143. Assembly's Appeal against Proprietors. 

1. Governor Wm. Denny succeeded Morris, 1756. 

(a) Was spendthrift but more popular than 
Morris. 

(b) Removed in ITGO and succeeded by James 
Hamilton. 

2. People were tired of secret instructions, restriction 
of paper money issues, and exemption of parliamentary 
estates from tax. They determined to appeal to crown. 

3. Franklin's appeal, 1757, resulted in receipt of let- 
ter by Assembly, asserting rights of proprietors. 

4. Assembly replied that conditions demanded sacrifice 
on parts of proprietors. 

5. Privy Council said proprietors should be taxed, and 
governor's consent was necessary to applications for 
raising money. 

6. Franklin, who had written "Historical Review of 
Pennsylvania" and had championed people's cause, be- 
came hero of the day. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 81 



83 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 83 



CHAPTER X. 

Indian Troubles, 1760-1764. 

144. Pontiac's Conspiracy. 

1. He, chief of Ottawas, had been ally of French 
against Braddock. 

2. All tribes from Ottawa to Mississippi agreed to have 
war by June, 1763, because they thought English settlers 
were no longer their friends. 

3. In Pennsylvania, all fortified places \^est of Sus- 
quehanna were taken, while Fort Pitt held out. 

4. Pontiac later was murdered. 

145. Bouquet's Campaign. 

1. Started with 500 regulars to Carlisle. 

(a) Was attacked by stronger Indian force. 

(b) Bouquet feigned retreat; then formed his men 
into a circle and won victory. 

(c) Frontier people now tried to exterminate In- 
dians. 

146. Lieutenant-Governor John Penn, 1763. 

1. He was son of Richard Penn. 

2. Now received congratulations from Conestogas, who 
were the remnants of race whom Wm. Penn had allowed 
to live on one of his Lancaster manors. 

147. Murders of Conestogas. 

1. Paxton riot, near Harrisburg. 

(a) Mob killed all but 14 living in manor, then 
went to Lancaster jail and murdered rest. 



84 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

2. John Penn called on magistrates to arrest murder- 
ers, but magistrates feared to do so. 

3. Forty Moravian Indians sent to Philadelphia bar- 
racks for safety. 

(a) About 300 settlers intended to murder them. 

(b) Franklin deputized to make peace with 
rioters. 

(c) They complained of unequal representation 
in Assembly, and said war was against all Indians. 

(d) Soon after disbanded. 

4. Contentions kept up by pamphlets which said Quak- 
ers had immoral reasons for being friends of Indians. 

(a) Writers w^ere Quakers, but not peace advo- 
cates, yet they could not find words harsh enough 
to condemn Paxton riot. 

5. All these things resulted in renewal of rewards for 
Indian scalps. 

148. Dislike of Proprietors. 

1. People had expected to find in John Penn some qual- 
ities like those of Wm. Penn. 

2. In case of assessment on Penn lands, Assembly had 
to give in and so placed very low taxes. 

3. Assembly wanted province to be a crown colony. 

(a) An address on this subject said: 

(1) Proprietors were like common landlords. 

(2) Had no right to interfere because they 
were only citizens. 

(3) They would in time become ruling power 
unless people rebelled. 

4. Assembly adopted address and resolved to let peo- 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 85 



pie decide whether or not matter should be placed be- 
fore king. 

5. Episcopalians opposed movemenc. 
(a) Penns were of their church. 
G. Presbyterians opposed movement. 

(a) A crown colony would put an end to liberties. 

7. Quakers for most part favored cause. 

(a) Germans sided with Quakers. 

8. Dickinson and Galloway led in dispute. 

149. John Dickinson. 

1. Son of a Maryland planter who had moved near 
Dover, Delaware, for son's education. 

(a) John first studied under a tutor; later in a 
Philadelphia law ofhce for ten years. 

2. His interest centered in political field rather than 

in law. 

(a) Became member of Delaware Assembly, 17G0. 

3. He sided with unpopular party pleading old charter. 

(a) Said proprietors were better masters than the 
king. 

150. Joseph Galloway. 

1. Native of Maryland; came to Philadelphia to prac- 
tice law. 

2. Was rich and conservative. 

3. Favored crown colony, and said that colonial suc- 
cess depended upon proper treatment of present colonies. 

4. Election, 1754, slightly favored proprietary party. 

(a) Franklin made agent to king. 



86 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 87 



88 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 80 

CHAPTER XI. 

Declaration of Independence, 1764-177G. 

131. Government varied in Colonies. 

1. In Pennsylvania and Maryland governors were ap- 
pointed by proprietors. 

2. In Rhode Island and Connecticut they were elected. 

3. In other colonies they were appointed by crown. 

152. Colonies Unite. 

1. People, more or less self-governing, refused to give 
up rights and believed an overthrow of English ministry 
necessary. 

2. Plans for Union of colonies. 

(a) Wm. Penn, 1696, planned central parliament 
in New York to be made up of two delegates from 
each colony. 

(b) Congress of Colonies, 1754, at Albany was 
held to consider action against French and Indians. 

(c) Franklin's plan of union at that time: 

(1) Each colony to elect representatives to 
grand council to meet at Philadelphia. 

(2) To manage afifairs affecting all colonies, 
(d) Plan adopted by 7 colonies, but failed. 

153. English Aggression. 

1. Navigation Act, 1660, prohibited colonists from 
trading with any country except Great Britain. 

(a) People did not openly resist this, but smug- 
gling increased. 

(1) Samuel Adams was a shrewd smuggler. 



90 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



2. Taxes for war expenses were not rebelled against 
because people thought English should be paid for their 
help. 

3. Taxation without representation was a prominent 
bane of contention, yet, indirectly, there was representa- 
tion. Such men as Pitt, Burke and Fox ably defended 
colonies. 

4. Writs of Assistance, 1761, granted officers right to 
search anywhere for smuggled goods. 

5. Sugar Act, 1764, imposed too heavy duties on 
sugar, molasses and tobacco from French West Indies. 

(a) This depressed business and was a most po- 
tent factor, among earlier acts, in kindling the 
spark of revolution. 

6. Stamp Act, March, 1765, required English stamps 
on all important papers. 

(a) People, championed by Samuel Adams and 
Patrick Henry, resisted, and it was repealed in 
1766. 

(b) Boycott method also aided in bringing about 
repeal. 

154. Stamp Act Congress, Oct., 1765, New York. 

1. Was the drastic means by which stamp act was 
opposed. 

2. Dickinson and others sent from Pennsylvania. 
Nine colonies in all were represented. 

(a) Petitioned king and parliament. 

(b) Pitt then made famous lengthy speech de- 
fending colonies. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 91 

155. Townshend Act, 1767. 

Passed by influence of Townshend and Lord North. 

1. Taxed glass, paper, paint, tea, fruits and oil. 

2. Dickinson wrote to king saying treatment toward 
Americans should be same as toward English subjects. 

156. Non-Importation. 

1. Colonists agreed, thinking English would thus be 
brought to terms. 

2. English, 1770, removed taxes from everything ex- 
cept tea. 

(a) Angered colonists, and smuggling again in- 
creased. 

3. East India Tea Co. (English) lost American trade, 
1773. 

4. King sent vessels laden with tea to Boston, New 
York, Philadelphia and Charleston. 

(a) In Boston harbor, 1773, tea was thrown 
overboard by angered Bostonians. 

(b) Ships sent to Philadelphia were not allowed 
to unload and were sent back. 

(c) Not one chest of tea was bought in any 
American town. 

157. Paul Revere's Mission. 

1. To get aid from rich Pennsylvanians, after Boston 
port was closed by king, 1774. 

2. His friends. 

(a) Joseph Reed, a New Jersey lawyer, who 
later became a general in Washington's army. 

(b) Charles Thomson, head master ot Penn's 



1)2 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

Charter School, who translated the Septuagint and 
later became secretary of Continental Congress. 

(c) Thomas Mifflin, a Quaker war-advocate, who 
later became president of Continental Congress, 
governor of Pennsylvania, and one of framers of 
United States Constitution. 

1 58. First Continental Congress. 

1. Met September, 17T4, Carpenter's Hall, Philadel- 
phia. 

(a) S delegates for Pennsylvania. 

(b) Voted aid to Massachusetts. 

(c) Asked all merchants to refuse goods from 
England. 

(d) Prepared declaration of rights. 

159. Franklin's Peace Efforts. 

1. Represented colonies in Mother Country. 

2. He, aided by Barclay and Fothergill, drew up peace 
plan. 

(a) It was ignored by England. 

(b) Americans knew Franklin had right spirit. 

160. Governor Penn. 

Urged provincial assemblies and not Continental Con- 
gresses ; but constituents felt they should stand by other 
colonies. 

1. Provincial Convention was held, Joseph Reed pre- 
siding. Purpose was to aid those in distress on account 
of trade troubles. 

161. Second Continental Congress, May 10, 1775. 
1. John Hancock, president. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 93 

2. Dickinson wrote address to king. 

3. Mifflin favored adoption of forcible measures. 

4. Continental Army decided upon, and Washington 
was elected commander-in-chief, June 15, 1775. 

162. Pennsylvania's Sentiments. 

1. Disapproved military resistance. Quakers in ma- 
jority in this sentiment. 

2. Violent citizens tried to destroy charter and As- 
sembly. 

3. Assembly declared all persons between IG and 50, 
who did not aid in war, should be taxed. 

163. Articles of Confederation. 

1. Drawn up by Dickinson by advice of Continental 
Congress and were used until 1790. 

164. Declaration of Independence. 

1. State House, Philadelphia, July 4, 1776. Majority 
of members did not sign until late in August. 

2. Declaration presented by Richard Henry Lee, 
seconded by John Adams, June 8. 

(a) Franklin was at first the only Pennsylvania 
representative who voted for it. 

3. Signers from Pennsylvania : 

Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Rush, John Morton, 
Geo. Clymer, Geo. Taylor, Rob't Morris, James Smith, 
James Wilson and Geo. Ross. 

165. Reorganization of State. 

1. Meeting, 1776, decided Assembly had no right to 
form a government without king's consent. 

(a) A conference, then, from all counties met at 



94 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



Philadelphia and ordered an election for members 
of a convention to revise state government. 

2. Whigs called a meeting of their friends July 8. 

3. Conference chose Franklin as president. 

(a) Assumed all powers of the State. 

4. Old Assembly met in August and September, 
nevertheless, but disbanded. 

(a) So fell Penn's charter, and so ended the ses- 
sions of a wise and devoted body. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 05 



9G HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 97 

CHAPTER XII. 
Miscellaneous Data Prior to 1776. 

166. Connecticut Claims. 

1. In 1662 claimed land westward, and wanted a strip 
along Susquehanna River from Indians. 

2. Settlers were allowed to settle in Wyoming Valley 
provided they defend themselves. 

(a) Erected "Forty Fort," 1769. 

167. "Pennamite and Yankee" War, 

1. A war between Connecticut and Pennsylvania set- 
tlers ; lasted for two years. 

2. Commissioners, 1782, decided disputes over terri- 
tory in favor of Pennsylvanians. 

168. Virginia and New York Claims. 

1. Virginia had indefinite claim to all land west, in- 
cluding Pittsburg. 

2. Penn's charter had given him 5° of longitude, and 
controversy was settled by measuring same on Mason 
and Dixon's line. 

3. Northern boundary dispute with New York was 
settled, 1789, at parallel 42°. 

(a) 1788, Pennsylvania bought corner near Lake 
Erie from Indians. 

169. Indian Troubles. 

1. Indian outrages remained unpunished, and Penn- 
sylvanians now tried to appease Indians. 



98 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(a) Promised to punish Paxton rioters; agreed 
to establish a boundary between white and Indian 
lands; and sealed compact, 1769, by treaty with Five 
Nations, Delawares and Shawnees. 

2. Moravian Indians settled at Wyalusing, but could 
not stay because of Connecticut war. 

3. Before Revolution, war in Pennsylvania was in 
western part near Ohio River and Pittsburg. 

! 70. Population of Pennsylvania. 

1. At time of Revolution, 300,000. 

(a) 1/3 Quakers, 1/3 Germans and 1/3 miscellan- 
eous. 

2. Quakers centered in Philadelphia and adjacent 
counties. 

3. Germans in southern part of state. 

4. Connecticut Puritans in Wyoming Valley. 

5. Welsh and Swedes had lost their identity. 

171. Sects. 

1. Pietists. 

(a) From London to Philadelphia, led by Kelpius. 

(b) Nightly expected Lord's coming. 

(c) Settled in caves along the W'issahickon. 

(d) Introduced Episcopal Church government in 
state, and organized the Swedish Lutheran Church. 

2. Mennonites (from Menno Simons). 

(a) Believed in a universal divine right — no 
oaths. 

(b) Were persecuted in Switzerland; came to 
Pennsylvania after hearing about it from Penn. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 99 



(c) Rittenhouse built first paper mill, in Lan- 
caster County. 

(d) Sect did not discard baptism or Lord's Sup- 
per, yet beliefs were smiliar to beliefs of Quakers. 

3. Dunkers (German Baptists). 

(a) Joined Mennonites in Germantown, 1719, led 
>by Christopher Sower and son. 

(b) Believed in celibacy. 

(c) Established monastery in Ephrata, Lancas- 
ter Co., and organized, 1740, perhaps first Sunday 
school of the United States. 

(d) Peter Miller wrote of sufferings. 

4. Schwenkf elders, 1734. 

(a) Were persecuted folk from Silesia, having 
views like Quakers' views. 

(b) Settled around Pennsville. 

5. Moravians or Unitas Fratrum. 

(a) Originally Slavonic; sprung from followers 
of John Huss in Bohemia and Moravia, Germans 
having been brought in by revival. 

(b) Count Zinzendorf, 1722, offered them an 
asylum on his estates. A few came. 

(c) More permanent settlement in Georgia, 1735, 
finally abandoned because of warlike conditions. 

(d) Final settlement, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. 

1 72. Zinzendorf. 

1. Tried to unite all sects in a Philadelphia meeting 
of delegates, 1741; but lines of difference were too hard, 
^nd he failed, 



100 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

2. The Moravians, under him, aided new immigrants 
by schools and churches, with good results. 

(a) Under Zeisberger, many Indians were peace- 
ably converted, but non-Christian Indians wrought 
havoc among them later. 

1 73. Lutherans. 

1. First of these German settlers, between 1710 and 
1776, were of the Reformed Church. 

(a) Lutherans, as a result of Queen Anne's oiTer 
of a home in America, came later. 

(b) Were brought in mean boats, and were not 
wanted when they did arrive on account of their 
weak condition. 

(c) Settled in West and desired to form a new 
Germany in America. 

(d) Lacked schools and churches, and progressed 
little. 

1 74. Schlatter. 

1. Leader of German Reformed Church ; born in 
Switzerland, 1716. 

2. Established churches and schools. 

3. Tried to make people see their semi-savage state 
and try to rise. 

1 75. Muhlenberg. 

1. Bom 1711; led Lutherans about 1742; preached and 
taught successfully. 

1 76. Scotch-Irish. 

1. Presbyterians ; came to Eastern Pennsylvania from 
fiprthern Ireland. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 101 



2. Were energetic, almost controlling province. 

(a) Set up schools. 

3. Ignored Indian claims, vowing death to all red 
men. 

4. Doctrines opposite to Quakers' doctrines. 

177. Other Sects. 

1. Episcopalians, w^ho after establishing Christ 
Church, Philadelphia, and harassing Quakers, changed 
places with latter and sided with proprietors. 

2. Baptists; not numerous. 

3. Congregationalists ; lacked influence. 

4. Catholics; few, and were forbidden to hold offices, 
yet had religious liberty in Philadelphia. 

1 78. Schools. 

1. 1689, Penn established grammar school in Phila- 
delphia for poor. It still exists. 

2. Central school for boys, 4th street, taught about 
eight common branches. 

3. Friends schools, 40 or 50 in all were open to all 
doctrines. 

(a) Robert Proud, most noted of head masters, 
wrote "History of Pennsylvania" during time of 
Revolution. 

4. Episcopal schools, 1694, were connected with Christ 
Church. 

(a) The Academy founded by Episcopalians, 
later became University of Pennsylvania. 

5. Presbyterian schools conducted by pastor-teachers, 

fa) lek desired schools in every parish. 



102 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



G. Dr. Alisons Academy, founded 1741, Chester 
County. 

7. "Log College," Bucks Co., established 1726 by Rev. 
Wm. Tennent, was a room 20 feet square. 

1 79. University of Pennsylvania, 1 749. 

1. All denominations formed into a board, contributing 
£2000. 

(a) Franklin first president. 

(b) Wm. Smith, first provost, was very well edu- 
cated. 

2. Board bought a building wherein a high curriculum 
was taught. 

(a) Students numbered 400 in 10th year of Uni- 
versity. 

3. Medical department added in 1765. 

4. Dr. Smith received benefactions in England to edu- 
cate Pennsylvania Germans. 

(a) Somer protested. 

5. As a political unit, the state had done nothing to- 
wards education ; while the Church had done all. 

180. Educated Men. 

1. Lloyd, Logan, Keith, Taylor and many others. 

2. Rittenhouse, astronomer and mathematician, de- 
scended from the paper manufacturer. 

3. Bartram, botanist and collector. 

4. Wilson and Audubon, ormithologists. Latter's 
fame is growing steadily. 

5. Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen. 
0. Shippin, Bond and Rush, doctors. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVAisilA 103 

7. Benjamin West, Quaker and noted artist. 

8. The Lloyds, The Morrises, Kinsey, Smith and 
Thomson, statesmen. 

181. Franklin's Institutions. 

1. Printed "Pennsylvania Gazette" and "Poor Rich- 
ard's Almanac"; founded "Saturday Evening Post" in 
1728. 

2. Was clerk of Assembly. 

3. Founded free library and hospital. 

4. Invented fire-place stove. 

5. Discovered similarity between lightning and elec- 
tricity ; invented lightning rod. 

6. Founded Philosophical Society, and organized fire- 
brigades and health committees for public good. 

182. Industrial Conditions. 

1. Agriculture and commerce thriving, especially 
about Philadelphia districts. 

(a) 800 vessels w^ere busy in 1773. 



i04 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 105 



](>6 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 107 



CHAPTER XIII. 

Revolutionary War, 1776-1790. 

183. Council of Safety. 

1. Absorbed governmental functions. 

2. Later, the constitutional convention became govern- 
ing power with Franklin president. 

(a) Appointed delegates to Congress; declared 
Pennsylvania independent. 

(b) James Cannon, Geo. Bryan, Timothy Matlack 
were most important workers in convention. 

184. State Constitution of 1776. 

1. Placed state in direct control of those favoring 
Revolution. 

2. Consisted of : 

(a) Declaration of Rights. 

(b) Provision for single legislative fcody, called 
Assembly, having usual privileges and elected an- 
nually by people. 

(c) Executive body, "Supreme Executive Coun- 
cil," to consist of 12 members, one from each of 11 
counties and one from Philadelphia. Power to ap- 
point judges and grant reprieves or pardons. 

(d) All officers to take oath of allegiance to 
state. 

(e) Council of Censors, elected every 7 years to 
see if constitution was being obeyed. Two members- 
from each city and county. 



108 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

3. Defects : Too many executors ; Council Censors 
proved impracticable and caused trouble. 

4. Constitution decreased number of crimes punishable 
by death. After 1786, treason and murder alone stood in 
that class. 

185. Parties. 

1. One party, radical, favored the Constitution; an- 
other, made up of moderate men of old Proprietary 
party, opposed it. 

2. Constitution was democratic. 

(a) Gave Assembly most power. 

(b) People quarreled over it until 1790. 

(c) Quakers, Dunkers, etc., refused to take 
oaths and were arrested. 

186. Campaign of 1776 in Revolution. 

1. British tried unsuccessfully this year to take Phila- 
delphia. 

2. Assembly tried to muster troops, offering rewards 
for recruits. 

3. Washington crossed Delaware Christmas night and 
captured 1000 Hessians at Trenton. 

4. Rob't Morris borrowed £50,000 on his own credit 
to help the army. 

(a) When Morris asked to be repaid at close of 
war, he was refused and he died of starvation. 

187. Campaign of 1777. 

1. Howe collected fleet and went from New York up 
Delaware River to Philadelphia. 

(a) He planned to attack the city from south. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 109 



(b) Washington, who had moved south with 
11,500 men, attacked Howe at Chad's Ford and was 
defeated. 

2. Campaign around Saratoga had ended in Bur- 
goyne's defeat in October, Gates being victorious. 

3. Battle of Brandy wine, Sept. 11, 1777, resulted in 
victory for Howe. 

(a) As a sequel, Howe entered Philadelphia Sept. 
26. 

4. How again victorious at Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777, 
and continued to hold Philadelphia. 

(a) Washington took up winter quarters at VaK 
ley Forge. 

5. Congress moved to Lancaster and later to York, 
1777. 

188. Valley Forge. 

1. While Washington and men were sufifering untold 
agonies, British were feasting and dancing in Phila- 
delphia. 

(a) 3000 Americans were bare-footed. 

2. Conway Cabal, a plot to remove Washington from 
command and put in Gates, failed because of Lafayette's 
efforts. 

3. Prison on Walnut Street held men who were starv- 
ing in midst of plenty. 

189. Evacuation of Philadelphia. 

1. British gained practically nothing by occupying the 

city. 

2. Upon hearing approach of French fleet, they left on 
June 1, 1778, and escaped to New York. 



no HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

190. Arnold. . ; 

1. Given charge of Philadelphia, but governed poorly. 

2. Here he begain correspondence with British which 
resulted in his trial for treason. 

3. Mobs in Philadelphia attacked moderate men. 

(a) Carlisle and Roberts tried and hanged as ex- 
amples. 

191. Riots in Philadelphia. 

1. Causes. 

(a) Arnold's poor management. 

(b) Unstable value of money. 

(c) People inclined towards mob law. 

2. Results. 

(a) Committees were appointed by town meet- 
ings to regulate prices and stop depreciation of cur- 
rency. 

192. French Alliance. 

1. Franklin sought aid from France, 1776. 

(a) Succeeded, 1777, in completing negotiations. 

2. French representative, Girard, was feasted in Phila- 
delphia. 

193. Attack on College. 

1. Provoked by Constitutionalist party. Provost 
Smith seemed somewhat indifferent. 

2. Charter was annulled, 177!), and property given to 
new board of new organization to be called "University 
of Pennsylvania." 

(a) Old trustees kept up their organization also. 
Hence two "colleges" struggled along until 1791 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 111 

when both were incorporated into the University 
of Pennsylvania. 

194. Wyoming Massacre. 

1. Six Nations on war-path. 

(a) Butler with 300 men went against Indians. 

2. Men, women and children were tortured and mur- 
dered. 

(a) Some sought refuge in Forty Fort but to no 
avail. 

3. Sullivan marched with 4000 men into Indian coun- 
try in New York and burned 40 villages. 

(a) This invasion resulted in annihilation of Six 
J^ations. 

195. Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781. 

1. Philadelphia celebrated and a good spirit prevailed 
everywhere. 

2. At this time, Dickinson was elected governor by 
Anti-Constitutionalists. 

3. Smith received position in college. 

4. Morris, finding American victory at Yorktown en-, 
couraged business, established The Bank of North 
America, 1781. 

196. Conditions in State. 

1. Pennsylvania contained about 350,000 people in 
1784. 

2. State ranked second among colonies in point of 
wealth. Massachusetts first. 

3. Interest from Penn's estate brought $130,000 
(1779). 



112 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

4. Friends passed a bill giving freedom at the age 
of 21 years to all slaves born after the passage of the 
bill. 

197. Revolt of Continentals. 

1. 300 soldiers from Lancaster demanded a settle- 
ment. 

(a) They had suffered much, but w^ere refused 
satisfaction. 

2. Dickinson finally settled dispute and claims were 
honored. 

3. Test of allegiance, probably unconstitutional, finally 
repealed, 1789. 

1 98. Franklin. 

1. Franklin, assisted by Jay and J. Adams, concluded 
a treaty with England. 

(a) This secured Independence and retained 
friendship of France. 

2. He returned from France in 1785, and was elected 
president of Council, 1786. 

(a) Although aged and diseased, he was highly 
honored by all. 

3. Mifflin succeeded in 1788 and remained in that 
office until 1790. 

199. United States Constitution. 

1. Convention held at Philadelphia, 1787, in State 
House. 

2. Found following defects in old Articles of Con- 
federation : 

(a) No authority to enforce provisions called 
for. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 113 



(b) There was no Judiciary. 

(c) Taxes could not be collected. 

(d) Executive power was lacking. 

3. Convention labored from May to September. 

(a) Washington was president. 

(b) Hamilton and Madison strongest workers. 

(c) Franklin, J. Wilson, R. Morris and G. Morris 
were chief delegates from Pennsylvania. 

200. Pennsylvania and the Constitution. 

1. Franklin presented Constitution to Pennsylvania 
Assembly. 

2. Members were divided as before : Constitutional- 
ists and Anti-Constitutionalists. 

3. Philadelphia and southeast counties were discon- 
tented with present Legislature, and supposed new law- 
makers would be chosen by Anti-Federalists who grew 
out of the Constitutionalist party. 

4. George Clymer proposed resolutions for holding 
state convention in November. 

(a) The convention met after some members 
were forced from their homes to attend, and the 
United States Constitution was ratified December 
21. 

(b) By July 4, 1788, 10 states had ratified. 

5. Federalists next wanted a new Constitution for the 
state, and framed one in November, 1789. 

(a) This they declared adopted, 1790, without 
vote of people. 

201. The New State Constitution. 

1. Some ideas borrowed from national frame. 



lU HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

2. Provisions: 

(a) Governor to be the only executive. 

(b) Legislature to consist of tv^o houses. 

(c) Council of Censors abolished. 

(d) Governor to appoint judges and county of 
ficers. 

202. Franklin's Death. 

1. Died at age of 85, in 1790. 

(a) Buried in Christ Church yard, Fifth and 
Arch streets, Philadelphia. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 115 



IIG HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 117 



CHAPTER XIV. 

Capital of the Nation, 1790-1799. 

203. The National Capital. 

1. Congress met in Philadelphia, 1790-1800, at comer 
of Chestnut and Sixth streets. 

(a) Senate upstairs. Twenty-six members. 
John Adams, president. 

(b) House, first floor. Erederick A. Muhlenburg, 
speaker. 

2. Supreme Court met at Chestnut and Fifth streets 
with John Jay as chief justice. 

204. National Politics. 

1. Hatred of England and love for France were ruling 
amotions. 

2. Two parties in Washington's cabinet: 

(a) Federalists, represented by Hamilton, fa- 
vored by Washington. 

(b) Democratic-Republicans, represented by Jef- 
ferson, feared a king. 

3. Washington was besieged by a Philadelphia mob 
who demanded war with England. 

4. When Napoleon insulted a delegation to France, 
American changed their opinion of France. 

205. United States Bank. 

1. Hamilton's bill to create United States Bank at 



118 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

Philadelphia was passed by strength of northern Con- 
gressmen. 

(a) Provided that capital should be $10,000,000, 
1/5 to be given by government. 

(b) Bank's charter to expire 1811. 

2. Hamilton also planned the "asumption of state 
debts," which was adopted. 

3. Washington re-elected, 1793, unanimously. 

2C6. State Convention, 1790. 

1. Provided that Governor be elected for 3 years ; 
Senators be elected every 4 years ; Representatives an- 
nually ; Judges and County officers, 1/4 elected yearly. 

207. Thomas Mifflin. 

Elected governor, 1793 and 1796, as democratic candi- 
date. Was illustrious man and a good leader. 

203. Revival of Industry. 

1. Agriculture helped all trade. 

(a) Flour exports increased. 

2. Mining of anthracite coal at Mauch Chunk, 

3. Schuylkill Canal and Philadelphia-Lancaster turn- 
pike (macadam) opened 1792. 

4. Speculation by lotteries became popular and helped 
improve City Hall and Dickinson College. 

5. Fitch's steamboat plied from Philadelphia to Bur- 
lington, 1790. 

(a) Fitch killed himself later because of dis- 
couragements. 
C). Periodicals of all sorts came into existence. 
7. Colleges. Pennsylvania College became University 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 119 

of Pennsylvania in 1791; Franklin College chartered in 
Lancaster, 1787; Washington and Jefferson Colleges, 
southwestern Pennsylvania, same period. 

8. Population of state 1800 was over 602,000. 

(a) Some race elements had become extinct. 

209. Yellow Fever, 1793. 

1. Brought from Hayti ; broke out along water front. 

(a) Streets were cleaned. 

(b) Dr. Rush's proposed treatments ridiculed. 

(c) Pennsylvania Hospital was established. 

(d) 1797 plague started again, but more sanitary 
conditions prevented rapid spread. 

210. Whiskey Relbellion. 

1. Scotch-Irish of western part of state distilled 
whiskey and used it as trading medium. 

2. Congress, 1791, placed tax of 25 cents per gallon on 
product. 

(a) Collectors were punished and taxes were 
not paid. 

(b) Rioters threatened Pittsburg. 

(c) Mifflin called and led militia against rebels, 
resulting in establishment of federal authority. 

211. Albert Gallatin. 

1. Born in Geneva, 1761; taught at Harvard; was a 
member of first state legislature; bought land in state 
and become very influential ; became state senator, U. S. 
senator and finally secretary of treasury under Jeffer- 
son. •'■ 



120 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

212. Robert Morris. 

'The Nation's Friend" was United States senator from 
Pennsylvania; financially ruined at time of Revolution. 
(See Section 186. 

213. Fries' Rebellion, 1799. 

1. Congress decreed a tax on slaves, houses, lands, etc. 

(a) Houses were counted and windows strictly 
measured. 

2. Fries led people in rebellion. Marched out from 
Bethlehem but were quelled. 

214. Dr. George Logan. 

1. War seemed imminent between Americans and 
French. 

(a) Washington chosen commander-in-chief, 
1798. 

2. Logan voluntarily went to France to make settle- 
ment. 

(a) Was well treated there. 

(b) Washington disapproved of his unauthorized 
mission. 

(c) Logan thought he averted war, but little is 
known of his true actions. 

(d) He was received coldly upon his return, ex- 
cept by Republicans. 

2 1 5. Governments Removed. 

1. 1800 national government was moved south of 
Mason-Dixon line (previously arranged for) to Wash- 
ington. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 121 



2. 1799 state government moved to Lancaster, Reasons 
for removal : 

(a) Mob element and unhealthy conditions of 
Philadelphia feared. 

(b) Sectarian distinctions also too manifest in 
that city. 



122 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 123 



12i HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 125 



CHAPTER XV. 

Economic DEVELorMENX, 17I)D-1810. 

216. Governor McKean. 

1. Born in Chester Co. 

2. Was law student; signer of Declaration of Inde- 
pendence ; and Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Penn- 
sylvania. 

3. Succeeded Mifflin and likewise served three tri- 
ennial terms. 

(a) Was an honest and popular Democratic ex- 
ecutive. 

(b) Died in 1817. 

217. Federal Mistakes. 

1. Alien Law gave president power to banish an* 
foreigner whom he considered dangerous. 

(a) Federalists in power at this time, 1797-1798. 

(b) President never enforced this law. 

2. Sedition Law gave president power to punish per- 
sons guilty of speaking, writing or publishing anything 
false or malicious against United States government. 

(a) Several persons were punished under this 
law. 

218. William Duane. 

1. Edited "Aurora," a paper of Philadelphia which 

abused the government. 

(a) He was carefully watched, and as a resul] 
had 60 libel cases on hand at one time. 



126 HIS TORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(b) Had many Irish followers who tried to have 
Alien and Sedition Laws repealed. 

219. Election of 1800. 

1. Jefferson's election to presidency, 1800, placed the 
state in ranks of the democracy. 

(a) His success over Burr decided by House of 
Representatives. 

(b) "Aurora" deplored corrupt politics. 

(c) Federalism in state died. 

220. Pure Democracy Demanded. 

1. Radicals thought Jefferson too conservative and de- 
manded supremacy of common people and equal wage 
for official and workman. 

2. Jefferson, although very democratic, refused to set 
aside all Federal officers. 

3. McKean opposed "clod-hopper" legislators and, 
like John Adams, wanted government by "well-born." 

(a) McKean's party, 1805, set him aside and 
nominated Simon Snyder. 

221. Simon Snyder. 

1. From Northumberland; had been farmer and store- 
keeper. 

2. Governed state 9 years. 

(a) Was popular; could speak German and Eng- 
lish, and became representative of Democratic cause. 

222. Other Political Conditions. 

1. A new party "Tertium Quids," later "Quids," waj- 
formed. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 127 



(a) They elected McKean, 1805, against Snyder, 
by large majority. 
2. 1808, Federalists chose Ross to run against Snyder. 

(a) Snyder succeeded and governed wisely dur- 
ing War of 1812. 

223. Olmstead's Claim. 

1. Some prisoners, captured by a British ship during 
Revolution, v^ere sent to Jamaica. 

(a) Prisoners, under Olmstead, took command, 
confined crew in cabin and sailed for Philadelphia, 
near which place a Pennsylvania brig recaptured the 
ship and claimed it as a prize. 

(b) Case brought to court. Decision gave 54 
value of ship to Olmstead, 54 to state, >^ to brig, 
and %. to former owner of captured vessel. 

(c) But Olmstead appealed to Congress for all 
the value of ship, and a committee agreed. The 
money, £50,000, meantime held by David Ritten- 
house, state treasurer. 

(d) After many arguments, Olmstead obtained a 
decree, 1803, to get the money. 

(e) But Rittenhouse had died and heirs had set- 
tled estate. 

(f) Governor McKean forced bill through Legis- 
lature ordering money to be paid to the State Treas- 
urer. 

(g) 1808, Olmstead took case to Supreme Court 
of United States. Chief Justice Marshall decided in 
his favor; and after Olmstead had fought for what 



im HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

he considered his own for a period of 31 years, he 
was finally paid. 

224. Internal Improvements. 

1. Good roads made traveling much less wearisome. 

(a) Stage ran from Lancaster to Pittsburg, 1804, 
once a week. 

2. Various canals and bridges were constructed, the 
latter spanning the Schuylkill and the Delaware. 

(a) The period of canals extended from 1820- 
1835, and of railroads from 1835. 

225. Steam Engines and Industries. 

1. Oliver Evans tried to use steam to propel vehicles. 

2. Robert Fulton, Lancaster Co., 1807, built his first 
successful steamboat. 

3. Woolen mills sprang up, using water power. 

4. Iron plants developed at Phoenixville (1790) and 
later at Coatesville. | 

5. Commerce from Philadelphia wharves increased 
rapidly in early part of 19th century. 

6. Banks were, however, in poor condition. 

226. Stephen Girard. 

1. Born in France. Shipped as cabin boy. Promoted 
to captain. 

2. Came to Philadelphia 1769. 

(a) Started as grocer and sold various supplies 
to Continental army. 

3. His appearance was coarse. 

4. Cruel at home, kind broad. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 129 

5. Money was his aim. He was one of few success- 
ful merchants of 1804. 

227. Pittsburg. 

1. Was a hive of industry; a trading center for salt, 
medicine, implements, etc. 

228. Effect of Embargo. 

1. Jefferson (1807) suggested a law prohibiting foreign 
commerce, and the law was passed. 

2. Most injury at home, because our ships could not 
depart with goods nor trade with others. 

(a) The act later restricted trade to France and 
England only. 

3. In 1808, Madison, Democrat, was elected president. 

(a) Pennsylvania voted for him. 

4. Gallatin was Secretary of Treasury 1801-1813, but 
resigned to negotiate a treaty of peace. 

(a) 1816-1823 he was minister to Paris. 

229. State's Literature. 

1. Ranked highest until 1820 when New England ex- 
celled. 

2. Philadelphia called "Athens of America." 

(a) Charles Brockden Brown published famous 
novels, 1790-1800. 

3. Magazines. 

(a) Bradford's, 1740, was short lived. 

(b) Franklin's "Chronicle." 

(c) 1757, Provost Smith's "American Magazine." 

(d) Thomas Paine's "Pennsylvania Magazine." 

(e) 1801, "Port Folio," edited by Joseph Dennie. 



130 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(f) "Graham's Magazine," after 1820, brought 
state again into front ranks of literature. 

(g) But only a small portion of Pennsylvanians 
were educated, because Legislature had not provided 
free public schools. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 131 



133 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 133 



CHAPTER XVI. 

War of 1812, 1810-1817. 

230. War of 1812. 

1. Nation was unprepared for war. 

2. Pennsylvania, excepting Philadelphia, favored the 
war. 

(a) Legislature vowed support of national gov- 
ernment. 

(b State gave $286,000 and offered to subscribe 
to United States bonds. 

3. Causes of war. 

(a) Commerce restrictions caused by France and 
England. 

(b) English sea captains impressed American 
seamen. 

4. England's navy comprised about 1000 ships; ours 
comprised 12. 

5. Jacob Brown, "Fighting Quaker" of 1812. 

(a) From Bucks County. 

(b) Commanded frontier troops east of Oswego, 
and gained remarkable victories. 

(c) Became finally General-in-Chief of United 
States Army. 

6. Perry's victory on Lake Erie, 1813, caused much 
enthusiasm. 

(a) Built a small fleet at that place. 

(b) Captured English, on the offensive, saving 
th^ northwest, 



134 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

7. British burned Washington in 1814, and terrorized 
country round about. 

8. Philadelphia prepared defense. 

(a) James Buchanan favored voluntary enlist- 
ment. 

(b) The city feared Delaware River blockade. 

9. Prominent men. 

(a) Stephen Decatur, who had subdued Barbary 
pirates. 

(b) James Biddle awarded gold medal for ex- 
ploits in navy. 

(c) Charles Stewart, "Old Ironsides," rewarded 
for victories by being made rear admiral. He lived 
to see Civil War. 

231. Governor Snyder. 

1. People feared judicial interference with liberty. 

2. Law passed, 1811, provided that no decision made 
since July 4, 1776, should be made an authority. This 
held its own until 1831. 

3. "The Aurora" attacked the Democratic press when 
it found that Snyder was uncontrollable ; but state up- 
held him. 

232. Capital at Harrisburg, 1810. 

1. Legislature became dissatisfied with Lancaster and 
decided, 1809, to choose a new capital for the state. 

(a) 14 votes favored Harrisburg and removal 
was made. 

233. United States Bank. 

1, Charter secured by Hamilton expired 1811, 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 135 

(a) Federalists and some Democrats wanted 
charter renewed. 

(b) Many people objected, thinking bank was 
used for political ends. 

234. Stephen Girard. 

1. When Congress refused to renew bank's charter, 
Girard purchased $1,000,000 worth of United States 
bonds and started Girard Bank in Philadelphia with 
capital of $1,200,000. 

(a) Successfully conducted so that notes never 
depreciated. 

(b) Girard paid $93,000 to regain his ship cap- 
tured by British. 

(c) He subscribed a loan to government at 6%. 

(d) People rushed for shares of stock. 

(e) Girard aided Alexander Dallas, 1816, estab- 
lish United States Bank, subscribing $3,100,000. 

235. War's Effect on Industry. 

1. Coastwise ship trade was declining, and wagons 
were used instead of ships. This led to increased tolls. 

2. Wheat plentiful, but flour cost $17 a barrel. 

3. Fleet of merchant vessels was ready to sail as soon 
as peace could be attained. 

(a) Treaty of peace was signed at Ghent, Dec. 
25, 1814, before battle of New Orleans occurred. 

4. Foreign trade improved at once, and speculation 
fever ran high. 

236. National Finances. 

1. Dallas was Secretary of Treasury under Madison. 



136 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

2. Finances in bad shape. 

(a) People resisted direct tax. 

(b) Credit was exhausted, and banks issued cur- 
rency too freely. 

3. Protective tax was levied on cotton, woolen goods 
and sugar. 

(a) Ingram of Pennsylvania and also Clay and 
Dallas favored the tax. 

4. Minor banks. 

(a) Democrats opposed banks. 

(b) In 1818, state had 59. 

237. Disposition of Settlers. 

1. The English lived in western part of state and were 
prosperous. The Irish lived in eastern part. 

2. Many Germans lived on Delaware River in boats. 
Some were skilled workmen, others were slaves. 

3. 1819 was in a period of labor and financial hard- 
ships. 

(a) Much money sent abroad. 
(b)Many people thrown out of work. 

238. Reforms. 

1. Many charities organized for sake of poor. 

2. Societies were formed to attempt to abolish liquor 
traffic. 

3. Prison reformatory established in Pennsylvania was 
first of its kind. 

4. Dickens complimented the state, during visit in 
1817, for its hospitals and prisons. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA . 137 



138 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 139 



CHAPTER XVII. 
Industrial Progress, 1817-1820. 

239. Campaign of 1817. 

1. Governor Snyder, now ineligible, presented Wm. 
Findlay. 

2. Federalists, moderate Democrats and Quids to- 
gether nominated Joseph Hiester. 

(a) Findlay secured 1000 more votes than 
Heister, but, in 1820, Heister defeated him. 

3. Findlay was proven honest in spite of charges made 
by enemies. 

(a) 1821, was elected United States Senator. 

(b) 1827-1840, Treasurer of Philadelphia Federal 
Mint. 

240. Nominating Conventions Grow. 

1. Presidential candidates had been nominated by 
party Congressmen. 

(a) Governors were nominated by legislative 
caucus. 

2. Democrats of Delaware Co., at Duane's suggestion, 
proposed election of delegates to nominate. 

(a) Both candidates for governor, 1820, were 
presented by a representative convention. This was 
called "Pennsylvania Plan." 

241. Great Cities. 
1. Philadelphia. 



140 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(a) 100,000 population in 1817. 

(b) Quiet, clean and stable. 

2. Pittsburg. 

(a) 10,000 people who engaged in many trades, 
producing goods valued at $2,000,000 annually. 

3. The whole state was growing in wealth. Houses 
increased in value; exports and imports more numerous, 
the latter being valued at $4,000,000 in 1815. 

242. Coal. 

1. 1812 J. White and E. Hazard bought load of hard 
coal for $1 per bu., and found it equal to bituminous. 

2. White thought Mauch Chunk mines valuable. 

(a) Could have used Lehigh River as means of 
transportation, but it was not navigable. 

3. The Lehigh Coal Co. and Lehigh Navigation Co. 
were formed, and finally improved river sufficiently, 1818. 

(a) Coal supply abundant, but Philadelphia was 
show to use it, because special stoves had to be 
made. 

243. Canals. 

1. Schuylkill and Susquehanna were connected. 

2. Chesapeake and Delaware canal completed, 1829. 

3. Delaware and Raritan canal later. 

(a) Both made water route continuous from New 
York to Baltimore. 

4. Pennsylvania envied Erie Canal. 

5. Alleghany Mts. and the uncertain channel of Dela- 
ware River were serious drawbacks to construction of 
really great canals. 



HIST ORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 141 

6. By 1830, however, Pittsburg-Johnstown canal, and 
water route from AUeghanies to Columbia practically 
finished. Horse railroad to Philadelphia also in use. 

(a) Portage railroad begun 1831; opened in 1835; 
each customer to supply own motive power. 

7. By close of Shulze's term state controlled 430 miles 
of canals; corporations controlled 300 miles of others. 

244. Tariff and Pennsylvania. 

1. New England and South deplored tariff of 1816. 

(a) Middle States and West welcomed any pan- 
acea as panic remedy. 

2. 1818 a special act protected iron products. 

3. 1824 act increased number of protected products. 

4. Harrisburg Convention, 1827. 

(a) 100 delegates from different states decided: 
Duties on cotton and woolen goods should be in- 
creased; agriculture aided; manufactures of hemp, 
iron, flax, glass to receive extra benefits. 

(h) Congress passed the proposition with slight 
changes. 

245. Death of Federalism. 

1. Jackson, 1824, received state's electoral vote, but 
House elected John Q. Adams. 

2. Hiester, candidate of "Mixed Party," had governed 
creditably. 

3. Democrats nominated John A. Shulze. 

(a) 48 years old, friend of people, educated, 
moral, and had been member of Legislature and 
Congress. 



142 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



3. Opposite party favored Andrew Gregg. 

(a) They feared to call themselves Federalists 
because of public opinion. 

(b) Gregg was a banker ; enemy of poor ; had been 
Secretary of Commonwealth under Hiester. 

(c) Was upheld by Duane, but lost by 25,000. 

4. Thus ended Federalism. Plain people were tramp- 
ling upon "pride of property." 

(a) Other parties grew from remnants. 

246. Conditions in General. 

1. State was rich but needed a guiding hand. 

(a) 1820, wave of economy resulted in reduction 
of officials' salaries. 

(b) Shulze's term was, however, extravagant. 
Enormous borrowed sums aided improvements but 
weakened credit. 

2. People demanded protection against public debt. 

(a) Appropriations had been exceeded by expendi- 
tures. 

3. Death of Jefferson and John Adams, July 4, 1826, 
brought all to realization of passing of time and changes 
wrought on every hand since birth of Independence. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 143 



144 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 145 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

Education, 1829-1837. 

247. Anti-Masonry. 

1. 1826, Wm. Morgan of New York, threatened to pub- 
lish a book reveahng Masonic secrets, but was arrested 
and probably murdered by incensed Masons. 

2. Public feared courts would shield prisoners if they 
were Masons. 

(a) Many lodges had to give up charters. 

(b) Imperial power was feared. 

(c) Anti-Masonry took political form in state, 
1829. 

248. Wolf and Ritner. 

1. Democrats nominated George Wolf. 

(a) Of German descent. 

(b) Had been Assemblyman and Congressman. 

2. Ritner one of many candidates opposing Wolf, was 
Anti-Masonic. 

3. Wolf's majority was 16,000. 

(a) At this time state's vote was important in 
presidential elections. 

(b) Wolf favored public school, but warned peo- 
ple against going intor*debt. 

249. National Bank. 

1. Had been chartered in 1816 for period of 20 years, 
(a) 183? bank applied for rechartering. 



146 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(b) Bill favoring same passed Congress, but Jack- 
son vetoed it. 
2. Nicholas Biddle, president of bank. 

(a) Princeton graduate. 

(b) Clever financier. 

250. Jackson as President. 

1. His popularity, rather than advocacy of certaini 
measures, made him president, 1832. 

2. He advised Congress to sell government stock to 
amount of $7,000,000; to refuse bank aid; and to remove 
gradually public funds in national bank. 

(a) This was chiefly cause of panic of 1837. 

(b) Bank weakened but held on, having had its 
charter renewed by Pennsylvania. 

251. Governor Wolf and Schools. 

1. Constitution of 1790 provided for public schools. 

(a) State never felt that money granted to various 
colleges was well invested. 

2. Friends Public School, Philadelphia, had a system 
of elementary studies leading up to a central school of 
higher grade. 

(a) Franklin's academy and charity school also 
embraced that plan. 

3. Academies founded to secure state grants were not 
supported by neighborhoods. 

(a) Had no elementary schools below them. 

(b) People generally indifferent, 

(c) After 1840, state aided little. 

4. Earlier schools, 1802-00, included pvipils whose 
parents could pay. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 147 



(a) Teachers were paid according to number of 
pupils. 

252. Lancasterian System. 

1. Introduced by J. Lancaster of London, 1818, in 
Philadelphia. 

(a) Plan was for monitors selected from class to 
assist those who progressed more slowly. All work 
was supervised by the master. 

(b) System used for 20 years. 

(c) Monitor idea led to Teachers' Training 
Schools. 

2. In 1831 Pennsylvania was only northern state not 
provided with a good school system. 

(a) 370,000 in state could neither read nor write. 

(b) Rich thought schools were for poor only. 

(c) Supreme Court decided that state constitution 
did not prohibit use of money for other than poor. 

3. Wolf succeeded in having bill passed providing that 
schools be kept up by taxation. 

(a) Samuel Breck assisted, and bill was passed 
1834. 

(b) At first $75,000 were granted yearly for 
schools ; shortly after $500,000 for buildings alone. 

253. Thaddeus Stevens. 

1. Represented Adams Co. in 1834. 

(a) His efforts were largely responsible for the 
prevention of the repeal of the Public School Law. 

(b) Various religious sects opposed the law and 
almost compelled Assembly to repeal it, December, 
1834. 



148 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



(c) Stevens was an extreme Anti-Mason, 

(d) He won the fight in favor of pubHc schools 
and saw the law strengthened considerably. 

254. Thomas H. Burrowes. 

1. Superintendent of schools, 1835, reported : 

(a) 742 school districts. 

(b) 384 schools. 

(c) 3,394 teachers. 

(d) 150,838 scholars. 

255. Gubernatorial Campaign, 1835. 

1. There was a division in the Democratic party. 

(a) Wolf re-nominated by school faction, called 
"Wolves." 

(b) Henry A. Muhlenburg by opponents, called 
"Mules." 

(c) Contest was bitter. 

2. Anti-Masons and Whigs united in nominating Jo- 
seph Ritner. 

(a) He became governor December, 1835. 

(b) Wolf defeated largely on account of school 
theories. 

(c) School system, however, was not killed. 

3. Ritner, having carefully noted in Wolf's last mes- 
sage that enormous sums had been expended for im- 
provements since 182G, advised a cessation in that di- 
rection for a period. 

(a) He supported schools and furthered destruc- 
tion of secret societies. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 140 



150 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 151 

" ' CHAPTER XIX. 

Slavery Question, 1837-1838. 

256. Constitution of 1838. 

1. Convention. 

(a) Met in Harrisburg, May 2, 1837. 

(b) Later, Philadelphia, until 1838. 

2. Changes made. 

(a) A new clause prohibited banks from being 
chartered for more than 20 years, and gave Legis- 
lature power to annul charters. 

(b) Term of governor and legislators to begin on 
first Tuesday in January. 

(c) Governor to have power to appoint Secretary 
of Commonwealth, and, with consent of Senate, all 
judges. 

(d) White freemen to have right to vote. 

(e) Electors to reside in state 1 yr., and in dis- 
trict 10 days before voting. 

(f) Term of Supreme Court Judges, 15 years, for 
judges learned in law, 10 years, for associate judges 
5 years. 

(g) A member of Congress not to be permitted to 
hold a state office also. 

257. Slavery Question. 

1. First Abolition Society was formed in Philadelphia 
before Revolution. 



152 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

2. In 1780 Pennsylvania was one of states which passed 
acts providing for gradual abolition. 

(a) Franklin, also, in 1790, favored gradual sup- 
presion of slavery. 

(b) Friends petitioned Congress same year. 

3. Slave importers were taxed $10 per slave. 

(a) Bard's theory. 

4. Sergeant, Gallatin, Roberts, Bard, Smilie were elo- 
quent for and against Fugitive Slave Law. 

5. Roberts and Lowry, senators from Pennsylvania, 
tried to keep slavery out of Missouri. 

(a) Lowry said he would rather see Union dis- 
solved than slavery in Missouri. 

257(a). Anti-Slavery Troubles. 

1. Convention of negroes in Philadelphia, 1831, claimed 
move for colonization of negroes was in interest of 
southerners. 

2. Evan Lewis, 1835, called an Anti-Slavery conven- 
tion. 

(a) Met in Philadelphia with John G. Whittier 
secretary. 

(b) Body favored suppression of slavery, without 
compensation to slave-holders. 

3. Southerners threatened to murder Abolitionists. 

(a) But Garrison and Lundy fearlessly sent out 
literature. 

4. Lower classes of whites and negroes rioted in Phila- 
delphia and burned negroes' homes. 

5. Pennsylvania Hall, built by Anti-Slave men, was 
burned, 1838. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 153 



258. Panic of 1837. 

1. 1836 was year of seeming prosperity. 

(a) When state rechartered National Bank it was 
called Pennsylvania Bank of United States. 

2. Country owed Europe $60,000,000. 

(a) Europe demanded payment. 

3. There were riots in New York on account of com- 
mercial panics. 

4. Pet Banks suspended payment. 

(a) Many were found to be worthless. 

5. Nicholas Biddle resigned as bank president, 1839. 

259. State Treasury. 

1. Debt $30,000,000. 

(a) Revenues were inadequate. 

(b) Internal improvements failed to bring re- 
turns. 

(c) Ritner feared results would be serious, es- 
pecially since he could not approve or disapprove 
separate items in appropriation measures. 

2. Juniata flood, 1838, swept away 40 miles of canal. 

(a) Money had to be borrowed to reconstruct. 

260. Ritner vs. Porter. 

1. In 1838 Ritner was again nominated, but by United 
Whig party. 

2. Democrats nominated Porter, who was elected. 

3. Many lies were told about both candidates. 

261. Buckshot War. 

1. Legislature was divided, and each faction elected a 
speaker. 



154 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(a) All met in same hall. 

(b) People seemed to sympathize with Democratic 
side and opposed Whigs. 

2. Mobs gathered in Harrisburg, causing considerable 
disturbance. 

(a) Governor ordered Gen. Patterson to protect 
oity against violence. 

(b) He gathered 100 men with muskets loaded 
with buckshot, but refused to permit them to sup- 
port either party. 

(c) He was soon sent home, and Whig officers 
came in from Carlisle with a small troop, but were 
not needed, for three members of Whig division had 
gone over to Democrats. This gave the latter a ma- 
jority and ended the Buckshot War. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 155 



156 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 157 



CHAPTER XX. 

Financial Problems, 1838-1850. 

262. Ritner's Message. 

1. Claimed that soldiers had saved government from 
mob violence. 

2. Showed that common schools had increased from 
700 to 5000. 

(a) Trained teachers badly needed. 

3. Ritner left financial conditions in such shape that 
borrowing became more immediately necessary. 

263. Re-adjustment. 

1. Porter found treasury empty and faced a state debt 
of $30,000,000. 

2. Realized that canals could not be left in ill repair, 
for thus all would be lost. 

(a) State banks were unwilling to grant loans. 

(b) Finally, 1839, Porter obtained $6,500,000 from 
European and local sources to render internal im- 
provements useful. 

3. Porter called special session of Legislature, 1840, 
to consider bills for raising revenue. 

(a) Taxes, amounting to $600,000 a year were 
levied on luxuries. 

4. State credit was not strong before 1845, because 
bank notes were issued too freely, and debts remained 
unpaid. 



158 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

264. Public Works. 

1. Railroads badly managed. 

(a) Too many free passes, cut rates, etc., to 
friends of parties in power. 

(b) Since roads returned but ^ of expenses, 
people demanded sale. 

(c) Simon Cameron offered state $3,000,000 for 
Philadelphia and Columbia R. R., but the offer was 
refused. 

2. Founding of Pennsylvania R. R. 

(a) An act provided that if a new company 
could have $3,000,000 subscribed, and $1,000,000 
actually collected by February, 1847, and could also 
have completed by that time 15 miles of railroad at 
each end of proposed line, a charter would be 
granted. 

(b) These conditions were made. 

(c) John E. Thomson was first president. Was 
very successful. 

(d) Philadelphia gave $2,500,000 and Alleghany 
Co. $1,000,000. 

(e) Cars were run from Philadelphia to Pitts- 
burg, 1852. 

265. Riots in Philadelphia, 1844. 
1. Causes. 

(a) Prejudice against Catholics for attitude to- 
ward schools. 

(b) An organization of Kensington tried to make 
Catholics read Protestant Bible in public schools, 

^, ^Results, 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 159 



(a) An uprising on both sides lasted several days. 

(b) Troops were called by governor. 

(c) Catholics fortified their churches after con- 
ditions had subsided. 

(d) A church was broken into and various muni- 
tions of war found. 

(e) This led to another riot in Southwark, also an 
Irish Catholic section. 

(f) Troops were again called, and several persons 
were killed on each side. 

266. Girard College. 

1. Girard died, 1831, leaving a large sum of money 
to found Girard College. 

(a) This sum now has accrued to $30,000,000. 

2. The College. 

(a) Cornerstone laid 1833. 

(b) Nicholas Biddle chairman of trustees. 

(e) He favored Grecian architecture. 

(f) Object of institution was to feed, clothe and 
educate orphans. 

(g) Opened 1848. 

267. State Politics. 

1. Democrats re-elected Porter, 1841, over John 
Banks, a Whig candidate. 

2. Democrats, 1844, had chosen H. A. Muhlenburg, 
but he died before election and F. R. Shunk became gov- 
ernor. 

(a) Shunk died 1848, and Wm. F. Johnstone, 
Whig, who was Speaker of Senate, succeeded him. 



IGO HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

268. Tariff. 

1. In 1833 there was passed a Federal Compromise 
Tariff which provided for reduction of all duties exceed- 
ing 20%. 

(a) 1/10 excess to be removed every other year 
until 1842. 

(b) 1/2 of remaining excess was to be cut off in 
January, and the other in July. 

2. Pennsylvania had been greatly disturbed during in- 
decision of Congress. 

3. Senate, 18-12, passed a bill which granted higher 
duties. 

269. Mexican War. 

1. Was not popular in North. 

2. South had succeeded in bringing about annexation 
of Texas, 1845. 

(a) The purpose was to increase slave territory. 

3. Mexico refused to acknowledge independence of 
Texas. 

4. The boundary between the two was in dispute. 

5. Facts 3 and 4 brought on the war. 

G. Although not in favor of the war, in 1846 Pennsyl- 
vania offered nine regiments for service. 

(a) Only two were needed. 

(b) They fought under Taylor and Scott. 

7. Americans won every battle. 

8. Results. 

(a) Rio Grande fixed as boundary line. 

(b) In addition to retaining Texas, United States 



mSTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 161 



gained California and New Mexico after paying 
$15,000,000 to Mexico. 

(c) Treaty of peace signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, 
1848. 

270. WHmot Proviso. 

1. Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, gained favor of South by 
voting for tariff of 1846 which was for revenue only. 

2. He proposed, 1846, that "neither slavery nor involun- 
tary servitude shall exist in any part of said territory 
(Texas) except for crime." 

(a) This failed to pass, and further embittered 
the feeling between North and South. 

271. Improvements. 

1. In 1850, Pennsylvania controlled her debt. 

2. Increase in state's population since 1840 greater than 
in any other state. Total reached 2,300,000. 

3. Production of wheat, iron and coal, exceeded other 
states. 

4. Conditions: civic, political and moral, all were im- 
proved. 

(a) State was Democratic. 

272. Graham's Magazine. 

1. Published in Philadelphia about 1841, by George K. 

Graham. 

2. Greatest writers of the day contributed: Long- 
fellow, Poe, Lowell, Hawthorne, Alice and Phoebe Gary, 
and Whipple. 

(a) 35,000 subscribers. 

3. Became "American Monthly," 1859. 

4. Graham was first to pay writers fair prices. 



1G2 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



273. Bayard Taylor. 

1. Born in Chester Co., 1825. 

2. Was foreign correspondent for New York Tribune 
and other papers. 

3. Was Secretary to Legation at Petersburg" under 
Lincoln, 1861. 

(a) Also Minister to Berlin under Hayes, 1877. 

4. He wrote a famous translation of "Faust," and 
many poems, among which "Song of The Camp," is very 
popular. 

274. J. Buchanan Read. 

1. Also born in Chester Co. 

2. Was cigarmaker, actor and portrait painter. 

3. Wrote Sheridan's Ride. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 163 



164 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 165 



CHAPTER XXI. 

Slavery the Issue, 1850-1860. 

275. Underground Railroad. 

1. Slavery now the main question. 

2. People v^ould not deny fugitive slaves shelter. 

(a) Thomas Garrett of Pennsylvania aided 2700 
negroes to escape, and was threatened with murder 
as a result. 

(b) Underground railroad crossed Mason and 
Dixon line all along its length. 

(c) People who fed or aided fugitives were fined. 

3. Slave hunters from Maryland attacked a party of 
negroes in Lancaster. 

(a) Two Quakers who tried to make peace, re- 
fusing to help to find slaves, were taken to Phila- 
delphia but acquitted by efforts of Thaddeus Stevens. 

276. The "Know-Nothings," 1844. . 

1. Were a Democratic party controlled by slave-hold- 
ers. 

2. Taylor, President of Whigs, anti-slavery; Vice- 
President Fillmore, who succeeded Taylor, was a Whig 
of the Webster type. 

(a) In 1851 Free-Soilers had no candidate. In 
1854 they had 2000 votes, yet Republican party was 
then to be born. 

(b) Whigs never recovered from defeat of Win- 
field Scott by F. Pierce in 1852. The field was then 



166 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



open for a new party to contest with triumphant 
Democrats. 

(c) Democrats elected Wm. Bigler governor in 
1851, against Johnston, a Whig. 

3. Early in fifties there was ill feeling towards 
Catholics. 

4. "Know-Nothings." 

(a) Secret society whose pass-word was "I don't 
know." 

(b) Organized against Catholics. 

(c) Desired to prohibit foreigners from voting. 

(d) Large number of Protestant ministers af- 
filiated in 1854. 

(c) The party elected Governor Pollock, 1854, 
but was never successful again. 

(d) Party cropped out 40 years later as the 
American Protective Association. 

277. Politics. 

1. Repeal of Missouri Compromise opened way to op- 
position to slavery by North. , 

2. Republican party started in Michigan, 1840, was 
result of break in Whig and Democratic parties. 

(a) Simon Cameron, aided by Thaddeus Stevens, 
organized it. 

(b) Republican party, combined elements opposed 
to Democracy, which stood for slavery in South and 
for non-interference in North. 

278. Fremont Campaign. 

1. Republicans' first convention, 1856, met in Phila- 
delphia. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 167 



2. Fremont opposed Buchanan, a Democrat, while 
Whigs upheld Fillmore. 

3. Buchanan succeeded. 

(a) He was formerly Senator, Secretary of State 
and foreign minister. 

4. Jeremiah Black was Secretary of State in 
Buchanan's Cabinet. 

5. Stanton was Secretary of War. 

279. Sale of Internal Improvements. 

1. State paid interest on debt and part of principal 
1850. ' 

2. A new canal was built for several millions. 

3. Also a new railroad over Alleghanies. 

(a) Pollock charged people as being extravagant. 

4. State sold main railroad from Pittsburg to Phila- 
delphia to Pennsylvania R. R. Company for $7,500,000 
in secured bonds. 

5. Sunbury and Erie Co. bought from state all other 
public works for $3,500,000. 

(a) Purchase included Delaware Canal and some 
divisions of Susquehanna Canal. 

280. State Debt. 

1. Totaled $28,000,000 in 1859. Decreased $1,000,000 
in 1860. 

2. People secured a constitutional amendment to re- 
quire an annual appropriation of $250,000. 

281. Political Morals Improve. 

1. Temperance question, 1854, was greatly discussed 
and results were good. 



168 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

2. Appropriations were made to prisons, courts and 
charitable institutions. 

3. Republican party was at first made up of men of 
good principles. 

4. Financial stringency of 1857. 

(a) Banks stopped payments because of low 
tariff which drew money away from country. 

(b) Legislature aided banks. 

282. Public Schools. 

1. Department of Education formed in 1857. 

(a) State founded normal schools. 

(b) Citizens gave property. 

2. Teachers' Institute organized in Chester Co., 1855. 

3. State created office of County Superintendent of 
Schools. 

4. Educational conditions excellent, due mainly to 
efforts of Thomas H. Burrowes and James P. Wicker- 
sham. 

283. Growth of Philadelphia. 

1. Population, 1850, was 360,000. 

2. Germantown and other outskirts, which were later 
consolidated, had own governments. 

3. There w^ere many shops and factories of all kinds, 
but in extent of foreign commerce New York City was 
foremost. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 169 



170 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 171 



CHAPTER XXII. 

Civil War, 1860-1870. 

284. Governor Curtin. 

1. Was 45 years of age and of Irish parentage. 

2. Always seconded demands of national administra 
tion. 

3. Was elected by Republicans with majority of 
32,000. 

(a) This proved Pennsylvania to be an anti-slave 
state. 

285. Political Reaction. 

1. Pennsylvania frightened at the stand she had taken. 

2. Governor Parker had said secession was wrong, but 
that laws should be modified. 

3. People in a Philadelphia mass meeting wanted to 
conciliate South and prevent secession. 

4. When Sumter was attacked, Pennsylvania's views 
swerved round and she responded to Lincoln's first call 
for 75,000 troops. 

286. Mustering Troops. 

1. Pennsylvania had no trained militia. Governor 
kept surplus men as Pennsylvania reserves. 

2. Pennsylvanians were willing and capable and near 
centers of activity. 

3. Some Quakers refused to fight and were im- 
prisoned. 



172 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



4. Curtin and Lincoln were alike in possessing per- 
sistence. 

287. Pennsylvania in the War. 

1. Furnished more and better equipped troops than 
other states. 

2. Camp Curtin, near Harrisburg, distributed supplies. 

3. State gave 3G2,284 men, and 25,000 additional men 
to militia. 

288. Invasion of Pennsylvania. 

1. In October, 1862, Pennsylvania v^as first invaded by 
Confederates. 

(a) They crossed Potomac, led by General 
Stuart, and plundered all the way to Chambers- 
burg. 

(b) They recrossed Potomac before resistance 
could be offered. 

2. Confederates next invaded Pennsylvania in June 
and July, 1863. 

(a.) Lee's army defeated Federals under Hooker 
at Chancellorsville, Va., May 2 and 3, 1863. 

(b) Jubilant and in splendid array, Lee's army 
now marched upon Pennsylvania, heading towards 
Harrisburg. 

(c) A division under Early seized and placed 
York under contribution ; but by the time they 
reached the river, the militia had burned bridge be- 
tween Wrightsville and Columbia, and Confederates 
rejoined main army. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 173 



(d) Lee and 70,000 men next reached ChamDers- 
burg, while advance bodies had come close to Harris- 
burg. 

(c) In meantime Federals had collected around 
Taneytown, Md., 13 miles south of Gettysburg. 

(d) Lee then marched to meet the Northern 
army. 

3. Battle of Gettysburg. 

Meade replaced Hooker as commander of Army of 
Potomac later part of June. 

July I, i86s, A. M., Union advance under Reynolds 
and Beauford met Confederate advance under A. P. 
Hill on Hagerstow^n road, north and west of Gettysburg. 

(a) Reynolds killed; replaced by Hancock. 

(b) Both sides were reinforced by evening and 
aim of all was Seminary Ridge, about a mile and a 
half west of town, and extending away northeast 
wardly. 

(c) Confederates located on Seminary Ridge, 
whik Federals were forced back to hills south of 
town, where back of Cemetery Ridge, extending 
from The Round Tops (southwest of town) to 
Wolf's Hill (southeast of town) they had a strong 
position. 

(d) During night of July 1, Federals were 
brought up from Taneytown into position as abovr-, 
while Confederates entrenched behind (north and 
west of) Seminary Ridge, forming a 5-mile semi- 
circle. 

July 2, A. M., Longstreet*s Confederates moved upon 
Sickles to possess Round Tops. 



174 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

(a) Struggle there lasted to 6 P. M., resulting in 
Federals really maintaining good positions, but da} 
closed with slight gain by Confederates. 

(b) Meantime Federals had successfully held 
Cemetery Hill. (Meade's headquarters were im- 
mediately south of the hill). 

(c) Slocum's division had been badly broken up, 
east of Cemetery, by A. P. Hill. 

(d) At 10 P. M. fighting ceased. 40,000 men lay 
dead, yet armies held practically same positions as 
before. 

(e) Nationals now prepared for the defensive, 
knowing Lee must break through by sheer force. 
Both sides spent entire night strengthening positions. 

(f) Confederates had gained slightly each day. 
July J, A. M., dawned hot and stifling and quiet. 

(a) Rickett's and Stuart's men had arrived night 
before. 

(b) All realized crisis was at hand and seemed to 
hesitate. 

(c) Forenoon, disregarding skirmishes here and 
there, was taken up with further preparations. 

(d) Afternoon, terrible cannonade opened, the 
like of which was never before known in America. 

(e) 200 guns shook the earth and wrought hor- 
rible havoc for two hours. 

(f) About 2 o'clock Union batteries, defending 
Cemetery Ridge under General Hunt, were ordered 
back from position to cool and to save ammunition. 

(g) Confederates misconstrued meaning of silent 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 175 



guns and for a time the terrible roar ceased on both 
sides. 

(h) Then came the crisis. Pickett, thinking 
Federal's guns inoperative, led 18,(JU0 Southerners 
across almost a mile of plain in a madly desperate 
charge on Cemetery Hill. 

(i) Wonderful bravery vv^as shov^^n but men were 
mowed down by the Federal guns in new positions, 
and the remnants of the chargers were hurled back 
in utter defeat. 

(j) Each side lost about 30,000 men at Gettys- 
burg. 

(k) Lee led shattered troops back across Po- 
tomac, and Meade's forces were too weak to follow. 
Third Invasion of Pennsylvania. 

1864, Confederates, 10,000 strong, crossed Potomac, 
occupied Chambersburg and demanded $500,000. 

(a) This was not paid, and a pillage of the town 
followed. 

(h) Town was next burned, rendering several 
thousand people homeless. 

(c) Reparation was later made Pennsylvania by 
Federal government for losses sustained by the three 
invasions by Confederates. 

289. Soldiers' Orphan Home. 

1. Started by Curtin with public funds. 

2. At first soldiers' orphans were sheltered in schools; 
but later homes were founded. 

(a) State led the way in this movement. 



176 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

290. Finances. 

1. Geary succeeded Curtin. 

2. State debt had been reduced $5,000,000 in 1866. 

(a) Tax on real estate was repealed. 

291. Politics. 

1. State wholly Republican. 

2. Later, discontent with Republicans led to Independ- 
ent Republican movement. 

(a) Pattison, Democrat, elected in 1882. 

3. Simon Cameron was state leader; Republican 
United States Senator; Secretary of War under Lincoln. 

4. Hancock of Pennsylvania was Democratic candidate 
for president in 1^80, 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 177 



178 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 179 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

Centennial, 1870-1882. 

292. Constitution of 1873. 

1. Constitution of 1776 had been product of extreme 
Republicans. 

2. In 1790 a conservative reaction set in. Moderate 
constitution of 1838, restoring popular power, resulted. 

3. In 1850 that constitution (1838) was amended, 
making judges elective. 

4. Present evils now blamed on Legislature. 

(a) Members were corrupt; vested with too much 
power; passed too many "Special Acts." 

5. Popular demand, 1871, for a new constitution, was 
manifested and question was opened to people. 

(a) Convention accordingly met, November, 
1872, at Harrisburg, then at Philadelphia, with Wm. 
Meredith as president. 

(b) Under the constitution drawn at that con- 
vention people were to elect State Treasurer. 

(c) Sessions of Legislature to be biennial; spe- 
cial legislation prohibited. 

(d) Senators, 50; Representatives, 200. 

(e) Office of Lieutenant-Governor, and Board of 
Pardons created. 

(f) Heavy penalties for bribery, etc. 

(g) Governor could veto certain items in bills, 
(h) School system's betterment provided for. 
(i) No secret balloting to be permitted. 



180 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

293. Panic of 1873. 

1. State debt reduced slowly at end of Geary's term. 

2. Governor Hartrauft advised reduction of taxes. 

(a) Duty on corporation and railroad earnings, 
and on cattle and farming implements reduced. This 
decreased revenue to extent of $1,000,000. 

3. Crisis, 1873, resulted from over production. 

4. Commercial houses and factories failed. Conditions 
little improved before 1879. 

294. Strikes and Riots. 

1. Molly Maguires. 

(a) Of Irish origin. 

(b) They warned, molested, and sometimes mur- 
dered employers. 

2. People refused to be drafted into army and were 
imprisoned. 

(a) Mobs released many. 

(b) Coal regions terrorized. 

3. Gowen, president of Philadelphia and Reading R. 
R., tried to reform culprits. 

(a) "Mollies" went on strike after panic of 1873. 

(b) Clever detectives captured leaders and order 
was restored. 

4. Strikes caused by reduction of wages, 1877. 

(a) R. R. men refused to work. 

(b) Results: 55 people killed by mobs; bridge 
over Schuylkill burned; property valued at $1,000,- 
000 destroyed. 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 181 



295. Philadelphia Centennial. 

1. State and private individuals contributed to Inter- 
national Exposition. 

(a) Structures erected on Fairmont Park. 

(b) Art was well recognized among displays of 
resources and achievements of countless varieties. 



182 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 183 



184 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 185 



CHAPTER XXIV. 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. Locate, in sections, the chief tribes of Indians in 
Pennsylvania. 

2. Discuss the relation between the red men and the 
white. 

3. Locate Dutch, Swedes and English in the Delaware 
Valley. 

4. Trace the development of the Society of Friends. 

5. Give a short sketch of Penn's life. 

6. Name the three original counties of the state. 

7. Describe the "Great Law." 

8. Trace the development of education before public 
schools were organized ; after they were organized. 

9. Compare charter of 1696 and 1701. 

10. Tell about the agitation for a Crown colony. 

11. Give facts descriptive of National Bank, State 
Banks, Bank of North America, Pet Banks and Wild 
Cat Banks. 

12. Why did Indians ally with French in French and 
Indian War? 

13. Briefly review Buckshot War. 

14. Tell about the change in Calendar. 

15. Trace the development and decline of Canal Sys- 
tems. 

16. Review Whiskey Rebellion. 



186 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

17. Compare State Constitutions of 1790, 1838 and 
1873. 

18. What were the "Connecticut Claims?" 

19. Give date of adoption of Articles of Confederation 
and probable author. 

20. Give date of adoption and chief authors of United 
States Constitution. 

21. What was the cost of the Province to Penn? 

22. Where did the following settle: Moravians, Men- 
nonites, Dunkers, Schwenkf elders? 

23. Give a brief sketch of the Federal party; of the 
Whig party. 

24. Name a number of reforms instituted by Franklin. 

25. Discuss Franklin's influence abroad. 

20. Name three men who were pioneers in the de- 
velopment of steam motive power. 

27. Tell of the founding of Girard College; of the 
University of Pennsylvania. 

28. What were Alexander Hamilton's foremost finan- 
cial policies? 

29. What were Andrew Jackson's foremost financial 
policies? 

30. Describe "Lancasterian System." 

31. Who were the "Molly Maguires?" 

32. How did nominating conventions originate? 

33. Describe Sugar Act, Stamp Act, non-Importation 
Act, Townshend Act, Boston Massacre, Embargo Act. 

34. State the chief purpose for the convening of the 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 187 



First Continental Congress; Second Continental Con- 
gress ; Stamp Act Congress ; Albany Congress ; Hartford 
Convention. 

35. For what are the following especially noted: 
David Rittenhouse, Pontiac, George Wolf, David Wil- 
mot, Provost Smith, Bayard Taylor, Thaddeus Stevens, 
General Butler, Benjamin West, James Logan, Charles 
Brockden Brown, Nicholas Biddle, James Biddle, Wil- 
liam Duane, George Graham, Robert Morris, Mason and 
Dixon, John Dickinson, Enoch Flower, George Fox. 

36. Tell about "Underground Railroad." 

37. Give an account of the Wyoming Massacre. 

38. What was Franklin's Albany Plan? 

39. Tell of the origin of Anti-Masonry. 

40. Give a brief review of the Olmstead Case. 

41. Explain the importance of the Dred Scott Case. 

42. What brought about Fries' Rebellion 

43. Name great Pennsylvanians who favored slavery; 
who opposed slavery. 

44. What was origin of word "Quaker?" 

45. What Revolutionary battles were fought in Penn- 
sylvania ? 

46. Name a president from Pennsylvania. 

47. What was the only important political party dur- 
ing Monroe's administration? 

48. Tell of the origin of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 

49. Give a good definition for tariff. 

50. When and where was a convention held in Penn- 
sylvania for the purpose of suggesting tariff alterations? 



18S HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 189 



190 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 191 



CHAPTER XXV. 

TEXT BOOKS FOR FURTHER REFERENCE. 
(Suggested by Dr. P. O. Ray, State College, Pa.) 

1. Guide to Literature of American History. — Lamed. 

2. Cumulative Book Index. 

3. Guide to The Best Historical Novels and Tales. — 
Nield. 

4. Quakers in Pennsylvania. — Applegarth. 

(Vol. 10, of J. Hopkins' University Studies for 1892.) 

5. Lives of Governors of Pennsylvania. — W. C. 
Armor. 

6. Wm. Penn as Founder of Two Commonwealths. — 
A. C. Buell. 

7. Wm. Penn in America. — W. J. Buck. 

8. Pennsylvania : Province and State. — A. S. Bowles. 

9. Illustrated History of Commonwealth of Pennsyl- 
vania from Earliest Settlement to 1876. — Egle. 

10. Historical Review. — Franklin. 

11. Making of Pennsylvania.^ — S. G. Fisher. 

12. Scotch-Irish. — Hanna. 

13. Annals of Pennsylvania (1609-1682).— Hazard. 

14. Life of Penn. — S. M. Jauney. 

15. Pennsylvania and Federal Constitution. — J. B. 
McMaster and F. D. Stone. 

16. Quaker Experiment in Government. — I. Sharpless. 



192 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

17. History of Proprietary Government in Pennsyl- 
vania. — W. R. Shepherd. 

18. Progressive Pennsylvania. — J. N. Swank. 

19. Pennsylvania Archives. 

20. German Elements in American History. — Faust. 

21. Pennsylvania: Colonial and Federal. — Jenkins. 

22. Poetry and Prose of Pa. — Miller. 

23. History of The Western Insurrection. — H. M. 
Brackenridge. 

24. Fries' Rebellion.— W. H. H. Davis. 

25. Naval War of 1812.— Roosevelt. 

26. History of The Presidencies. — Stanwick. 



INDEX 



INDEX. 



A 

Academy 101 

See Education 

Adams, John Q 141 

Affirmation by Quakers 57 

Albany Congress 74 

Algonquins 9 

Alien and Sedition Laws 125 

Anti-Masonry 145 

Anti-Slavery Troubles 152 

Arnold, Benedict 110 

Articles of Confederation . 93 

B 

Baltimore, Lord 30, 45 

Bank 

Biddle 146 

Girard 135 

National 145 

United States ..117, 135 

Banks, John 159 

Baptists 101 

Biddle, James 134, 146 

BiGLER, William 166 

BiLLENGE, Ed 15 

Blackwell, John 34 

Board of Trade and Plantations 40 

Bouquet's Campaign .' : 83 

Braddock's Campaign ' TJ 

Brown, Jacob • 133 

Bryan, George 107 

Buchanan, James 134 

Buckshot War 153 

Burrowes, Thomas H 148 

C 

Calendar Changed .^ 74 

Callowhill, Hannah 

arrival 41 

death 64 

Penn's wife 41 



196 INDEX 

Cameron, Simon 158, 176 

Cannon, James 107 

Capital 

at Harrisburg 134 

at Lancaster 109 

at York 109 

Philadelphia for nation 117 

Washington 120 

Catholics 101 

barred 42 

in riots 158 

Carpenter, Samuel 40 

Carr, Sir Robert 14 

Cave Dwellers 33 

Centennial 181 

Charles II 14 

Charter 

of government 43 

of Philadelphia, 1691 43 

of 1701 42 

to Penn 21, 23 

Civil War 171 

Coal 140 

Cole, Josiah 15 

Congregationalists 101 

Congress 

First Continental 92 

Second Continental 92 

Stamp Act, 1765 90 

Connecticut Claims 97 

Constitution 

after Revolution 113 

fundamental 23 

of 1776 107 

of 1838 151 

of 1873 179 

Pennsvlvania and 113 

United States 112 

Conway Cabal 109 

Corn wALLis Ill 

Crown Colony Projected 52 

Curtin, Andrew G 171 

D 

Decatur, Stephen 134 

Declaration of Independence 93 



INDEX 197 

Delaware Boundary 45 

Denny, Wm 80 

Dickenson, John 85 

DiNwiDDiE, Gov 7Z 

Dixon, Jeremiah 46 

D^uane, William , 125 

Dunkers 99 

Dutch 

against Swedes 14 

in Delaware Valley . 12 

E 

Easton Conference 79 

Education 

attack on college 110 

Burrowes 148 

department of 168 

development from 1790 146 

early organization 29, 101 

schools in 1776 101 

Lancaster 147 

men 102 

Stevens 148 

University of Pennsylvania 102, 110 

Embargo • 129 

English 

in Delaware Valley 14 

war with Spain 69 

Episcopalians 101 

Evans, Gov. 

mistakes 51 

tolls 51 

F 

Fenwick, John 15 

Findlay, Wm 139 

First Continental Congress 92 

Five Nations 

in dispute : ^ 39 

named 10 

Fletcher, Gov 39 

Flower, Enoch 29 

Ford, Williams 

agent for Penn 44 

Forts 

Beversrede 12 



198 INDEX 

Duquesne 80 

Elf sborg 13 

Pitt 80 

Fox, John 35 

Franklin, Benjamin 

agent to king 85 

arrival 71 

appeal to assembly 80 

council of safety 107 

death 114 

in assembly IZ 

institutions 103 

peace efforts 92 

publications 71 

treaty with England 112 

Fremont, John C 166 

French Alliance 110 

French and Indian War 72, 77 

Friends, Society of 16 

Fries' Rebellion 120 

Fulton, Robert 128 

G 

Gallatin, Albert 119 

Galloway, John 85 

German Immigrants, 1683 '..'. 29 

Gettysburg 173 

GiRARD College 159 

Girard, Stephen 

life 128 

Girard Bank 135 

Girard College 159 

GooKiN, Gov. 

administration . .• 57 

governor, 1709 52 

removal 58 

Goodson, John 40 

Gordon, Patrick 

death ^ : 65 

economic affairs 64 

governor 63 

paper money . . 63 

Graham's Magazine 130. 161 

H 

Hamiton, Andrev/ 49 

Hamilton, Gov 74 



INDEX 199 

Hartshorne^ Richard 15 

Hayes, Jonathan 

murder trial 58 

HOLLENDER, GoV 13 

Howe, Gen 108 

Hudson, Henry 12 

I 

Impeachment 

of Nicholas More 33 

Indians 

Algonquins 9 

Iroquois 9, 10 

and Quakers 11 

appeased 97 

Easton conference 72 

Iroquois 9, 10 

murder of Conestogas 83 

Philadelphia conference 72 

Pontiac's conspiracy 83 

treaties, 1756 79 

J 

Jackson, Andrew 141, 146 

Jefferson, Thomas 126, 142 

Jews Barred 42 

Johnstone, Wm. E 159 

K 

Keith, George 35 

Know-Nothings 165 

L 

Lloyd, David 

accused Penn 50 

death 64 

in power 51 

party leader 50 

war supplies 52 

Lloyd, Thomas 33 

Logan, James 

arrival with Penn 41 

leader in province 73 

party leader 49 

president of council . 64 

serivces 41 

vindication 60 



200 INDEX 



Logan, George 120 

Lower Counties 

or territories 35 

separation 44 

Lutherans 100 

M 

McKean, Gov 125 

May, Cornelius Jacobson 12 

Markka M, Col. Wm. 

and privateers 40 

deputy to Penn 22 

lieutenant-governor 39 

Maryland Boundary 30, 45 

Mason, Charles 46 

Mason and Dixon Line 46 

Matlack, Timothy 107 

Mennonites 98 

Mexican War 160 

Mifflin, Thomas 1 18 

Militia Laws, 1775 79 

MiNuiT, Peter 13 

Molly Maguires 180 

Moravians 99 

More, Nicholas 33 

Morrey, Mayor 43 

Morris, Robert 

financial aid 108 

governor 74 

services 120 

Muhlenberg, Henry 100 

N 

National Bank 145 

New Jersey 15 

New York Claims • • 97 

Nichols, Col 14 

Nominating Conventions 139 

NoN- Importation . . • • 91 

Norris, Isaac 52, 70 

NoRRis, Isaac, Jr 71 

AToTED Men , 102 

O 

Oath Troubles 57, 69 

Olmstead's Claim 127 



tnde:x 201 

p 

Palmer^ Anthony 73 

Panic 

of 1837 153 

of 1873 180 

Paper Money 

in 1723 59 

in 1751 73 

Paxton Riot 83 

Peacemakers 28 

Penn, John 83 

Penal Code Improved 58 

Penn, William 

accused by Fuller 35 

and the Fords 44 

appoplexy 53 

arrival 27 

charter from Charles II 21 

children 59 

death 53, 59 

early life 18 

end of charter 94 

estate 59 

Great Law 27 

idea of government 23 

in prison 44 

Letitia house 29 

religious liberty 23 

restored to province 40, 41 

treaty with Indians 23 

trouble with Baltimore 30 

wife's death 64 

Penn, Wiliam, Jr 50 

Pennsburg 42 

Pennsylvania 

charter to colony 23 

constitution of 1776 107 

constitution of 1838 151 

constitution of 1873 179 

educated men, 1776 102 

first assembly 27 

fundamental constitution 23 

Great Law 27 

invasion of 172 

name 22 



202 INDEX 



projected sale 52 

schools, 1776 101 

Perry on Lake Erie 98, 133 

Philadelphia . . 

founded 22 

religious riots 158 

Pittsburg 129, 140 

Political Parties 

Federalism 141 

in 1704 49 

in 1754 78 

in 1776 108 

in 1790 117 

nominating conventions 139 

Tertium Quids 126 

PoNTiAc's Conspiracy 83 

Porter, David R 153, 157 

Post, C. F 79 

Pritz, John • • 13 

Privateers 41 

Proprietors 

dislike for 84 

opposition to 80 

Q 

Quakers 

early history 16 

in New Jersey 16 

oaths 57 

origin of name 18 

organization 17 

persecution 17 

under George Fox 16 

under Penn 18 

withdrawal 79 

Quarry, Robert 50 

R 

Read, T. B 162 

Reed, Joseph 91 

Religious Riots 158 

Revere, Paul 91 

Revolutionary War 

cau ses 89 

council of sa f ety 107 

events 107 



INDEX ^ 

Rising, Gov j4 

RiTNER, Joseph 145 

S 

Schlatter, Michael 100 

Schools 101 

See Education. 

ScHULzE, John A 141 

Schwenkfelders ! . ! . ! 99 

Scotch-Irish .'...!.!. 100 

Second Continental Congress ' . 92 

Sects in 1776 .98 101 

Shippen, Edw ' ' 43 

Slavery Question * I5I 

Snyder, Simon 126 

Soldiers' Orphan Home I75 

Stamp Act Congress ! . , . . 90 

Steam Engines 128 

Stewart, Charles I34 

Stevens, Thaddeus , I47 

Strikes and Riots, 1873 ' . I8O 

S waanendael 12 

Swedes 

in Delaware Valley 13 

prosperous in 1700 49 

T 

Tariff 

and Pennsylvania 141 

of 1816 . .'. '.'.['.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 141 

of 1833 160 

Taylor, Bayard 162 

Territories or Lower Counties 35 

Thomas, George " 69 

Thompson, Charles 91 

Transportation 

canals 140 

for coal 140 

in 1840-1850 ',','//, 158 

railroads 141 

sale of improvements 167 

Treaty with Indians 28 

Townshend Act, 1767 91 



204 INDEX 

U 

Underground Railroad 165 

United States Bank 117 

University of Pennsylvania 102, 110 

V 

Valley Forge 109 

Virginia Claims 97 

W 

Wade, Robert 15 

Walking Purchase 71 

Wars 

of 1812 133 

French and English 72, 11 

Pennamite and Yankee 97 

Revokitionary 89 

Spanish 69 

Washington, George 

in Ohio Valley U 

in Revolution 108 

President 117 

Welsh 

immigrants, 1683 29 

Whiskey Rebellion 119 

WiLMOT Proviso 161 

Wolf, George 145 

Wyoming Massacre Ill 

Y 

Yellow Fever, 1793 119 

Z 

Zinzendorf , . 99 



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